Add Phase 2 types, operators, scopes, binders, script-block and tooling study documents

docs-out/.work/cf/T210.json

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+{
+ "cfs": [],
+ "deviations": [
+  {
+   "id": "DEV-SB-090",
+   "baseline_behavior": "ScriptBlock can become a PowerShell object and a steppable pipeline.",
+   "proposed_behavior": "Omitted initially.",
+   "benefit": "Less surface.",
+   "compatibility_cost": "No GetPowerShell/GetSteppablePipeline.",
+   "affected_cfs": [],
+   "status": "PROPOSED"
+  },
+  {
+   "id": "DEV-FEAT-091",
+   "baseline_behavior": "workflow/parallel/sequence/inlinescript parse and then fail in semantic checks; from/define/var are reserved.",
+   "proposed_behavior": "Reject at parse time.",
+   "benefit": "No dead syntax.",
+   "compatibility_cost": "Different error text.",
+   "affected_cfs": [],
+   "status": "PROPOSED"
+  }
+ ]
+}

docs-out/.work/cf/T211.json

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+{
+ "cfs": [],
+ "deviations": [
+  {
+   "id": "DEV-TOOLS-100",
+   "baseline_behavior": "PSParser.Tokenize returns PowerShell 2 style tokens by rewriting the saved token list.",
+   "proposed_behavior": "Only the modern token list.",
+   "benefit": "No V2 branches in the parser.",
+   "compatibility_cost": "Legacy tools unsupported.",
+   "affected_cfs": [],
+   "status": "PROPOSED"
+  }
+ ]
+}

docs-out/.work/cf/T26.json

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+{
+ "cfs": [],
+ "deviations": [
+  {
+   "id": "DEV-BIND-050",
+   "baseline_behavior": "Member access goes through COM and ETS-adapter aware binders.",
+   "proposed_behavior": "Plain reflection member lookup; no COM binders.",
+   "benefit": "Smaller binder layer.",
+   "compatibility_cost": "No COM objects.",
+   "affected_cfs": [],
+   "status": "PROPOSED"
+  },
+  {
+   "id": "DEV-RTOPS-051",
+   "baseline_behavior": "Classes are emitted with Reflection.Emit and method bodies wrapped by ScriptBlockMemberMethodWrapper.",
+   "proposed_behavior": "Classes are interpreter objects, not CLR types.",
+   "benefit": "No Reflection.Emit dependency.",
+   "compatibility_cost": "Classes are not usable from other .NET code.",
+   "affected_cfs": [],
+   "status": "PROPOSED"
+  }
+ ]
+}

docs-out/.work/cf/T28.json

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+{
+ "cfs": [
+  {
+   "id": "CF-OP-001",
+   "subject": "operator precedence and associativity",
+   "statement": "**Operator precedence and associativity.** Binary operators are parsed by precedence climbing and **all are left-associative**; from lowest to highest precedence the levels are: logical (`-and`, `-or`, `-xor`) = 1; bitwise (`-band`, `-bor`, `-bxor`) = 2; comparison group (all `-eq`/`-ne`/`-gt`/`-ge`/`-lt`/`-le`, `-like`, `-match`, `-replace`, `-contains`, `-in` families with their `i`/`c` variants, `-is`, `-isnot`, `-as`, `-split`, `-join`, `-shl`, `-shr`) = 5; null-coalescing `??` = 7; additive (`+`, `-`) = 9; multiplicative (`*`, `/`, `%`) = 10; format `-f` = 12; range `..` = 13. The comma (array-literal) operator binds tighter than every binary operator; the unary operators, casts and `++`/`--` bind tighter than the comma; the ternary `?:` (right-nested) and assignment (`=`, `+=`, `-=`, `*=`, `/=`, `%=`, `??=`, parsed at statement level with a statement on the right) bind looser than all binary operators; `&&` and `||` chain pipelines and are not expression operators. Operators spelled with a leading dash are recognized as operators only when the tokenizer is in expression mode.",
+   "label": "FACT-SRC",
+   "evidence": [
+    "src/System.Management.Automation/engine/parser/Parser.cs::Parser.BinaryExpressionRule@L6798-L6950",
+    "src/System.Management.Automation/engine/parser/token.cs::TokenFlags@L601-L752"
+   ],
+   "owner": "02-language/OPERATOR-TABLE.md",
+   "status": "open"
+  },
+  {
+   "id": "CF-CNV-001",
+   "subject": "conversion algorithm and converter order",
+   "statement": "**Conversion algorithm and converter order.** For a source type S and target type T the engine returns the first applicable converter in this order (cached per type pair): (1) a cached entry; (2) if S is the null type: `Nullable<\u2026>` \u2192 null, any reference type \u2192 null, a value type \u2192 no conversion (numeric, `char`, `string`, `bool`, `PSReference`, `switch` and `void` targets have pre-cached null conversions); (3) if T is assignable from S: identity (same type) or assignable; (4) by-ref-like types: none; (5) S is a `PSObject`: none (the caller unwraps first); (6) T is `PSObject`: wrap; (7) under Constrained Language Mode: only targets `object`, `object[]` or the core type list are converted (others are refused, or only audited in WDAC audit mode); (8) **language conversions**: `Nullable<U>` through U, `void`, `bool` (from `IList`, enum, value type, class), `string`, arrays (related arrays element-wise, unrelated arrays per element, enumerable to array, scalar to one-element array), `Array`, `Hashtable` from `IDictionary`, `PSReference`, `XmlDocument`, `StringCollection`, `ScriptBlock` to delegate, `PSCustomObject`, integer to enum, `PSMethod` to delegate; (9) a static `Parse` method on T; (10) a static `Create` method; (11) a constructor of T taking S; (12) a cast operator (implicit, then explicit) on S or T; (13) `IConvertible` (numeric sources through the string-convertible path, other `IConvertible` sources via `Convert`); (14) for an `IDictionary` source: T's no-argument constructor then property assignment from the keys; (15) an `IEnumerable` constructor; (16) property-based conversion; if S or T may have a `TypeConverter`/`PSTypeConverter`, or a value-dependent converter was found, the result is wrapped to try the custom/value-dependent converter first and the found converter second; (17) otherwise no conversion (rank `None`, a failing converter that raises `PSInvalidCastException`). Numeric-to-numeric, number-to-string, number-to-bool and null-to-number conversions are pre-cached with fixed ranks.",
+   "label": "FACT-SRC",
+   "evidence": [
+    "src/System.Management.Automation/engine/LanguagePrimitives.cs::LanguagePrimitives.FigureConversion@L5641-L5828",
+    "src/System.Management.Automation/engine/LanguagePrimitives.cs::LanguagePrimitives.FigureLanguageConversion@L4966-L5120"
+   ],
+   "owner": "02-language/CONVERSION-RULES.md",
+   "status": "open"
+  },
+  {
+   "id": "CF-PIP-001",
+   "subject": "output unrolling and enumeration rules",
+   "statement": "**Output unrolling and enumeration rules.** A value is *enumerated* (treated as a sequence) when, after unwrapping `PSObject`: it is `AutomationNull` (empty sequence), an array, a `DataTable` (its rows), a COM enumerable, any other `IEnumerable` that is not a string, `IDictionary` or `XmlNode` (the generic `IEnumerable<T>` enumerator is preferred), or an `IEnumerator`; `null`, strings, dictionaries (hashtables), `XmlNode` and all other objects are **not** enumerated and are single values. When a statement writes its value to the output pipe: `AutomationNull` writes nothing; a non-enumerable value is written as one object (mutable value types are copied first); an enumerable value is **unrolled exactly one level**: each element is written separately (elements that are themselves collections stay whole), and an enumerator is disposed afterwards if the engine created it.",
+   "label": "FACT-SRC",
+   "evidence": [
+    "src/System.Management.Automation/engine/runtime/Binding/Binders.cs::PSEnumerableBinder.FallbackConvert@L580-L698",
+    "src/System.Management.Automation/engine/runtime/Binding/Binders.cs::PSPipeWriterBinder@L841-L926",
+    "src/System.Management.Automation/engine/runtime/Operations/MiscOps.cs::EnumerableOps.WriteEnumerableToPipe@L3623-L3640"
+   ],
+   "owner": "02-language/02.6-types-and-operators.md",
+   "status": "open"
+  }
+ ],
+ "deviations": [
+  {
+   "id": "DEV-TYP-070",
+   "baseline_behavior": "Constrained Language Mode restricts conversion targets inside FigureConversion.",
+   "proposed_behavior": "No language mode in the conversion layer; allow-list at the type-system boundary.",
+   "benefit": "Simpler conversion code.",
+   "compatibility_cost": "No Constrained Language Mode.",
+   "affected_cfs": [
+    "CF-CNV-001"
+   ],
+   "status": "PROPOSED"
+  }
+ ]
+}

docs-out/.work/cf/T29.json

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+{
+ "cfs": [
+  {
+   "id": "CF-SCP-001",
+   "subject": "scope, variable lookup and assignment rules",
+   "statement": "**Scope, lookup and assignment rules.** A variable name is parsed into an optional scope qualifier (`global:`, `local:`, `script:`, `private:`) or a provider drive (`name:`), and an unqualified name. **Reading:** an unqualified name is searched in the current scope and then in each parent scope up to the global scope, and the first match wins; a variable marked `Private` is skipped when it is found in any scope other than the current one; `global:`, `local:`/`private:` and `script:` search exactly one scope (the global scope, the current scope, the script scope respectively); inside one scope the compiled locals tuple (and any dot-sourced tuples) is checked before the variable table; a drive-qualified name is read through the provider. A name that is not found yields `$null`, or a `VariableIsUndefined` error under strict mode (version 2: always; version 1: except inside expandable strings). **Writing:** an unqualified or `local:`/`private:` assignment always targets the current scope (a parent's variable of the same name is never modified; a new local variable is created if the current scope has none), `script:` and `global:` target the script and global scope; assigning to an existing variable in the target scope keeps its object and replaces its value after running its attributes (transformation, then validation), and a `ReadOnly` or `Constant` variable cannot be written (`VariableNotWritable`; `-Force` can overwrite `ReadOnly` but never `Constant`). **New scopes:** every function or script block call (not dot-sourcing) creates a child scope whose parent is the caller's scope; the script scope is the nearest enclosing scope created for a script file, or the global scope; variables marked `AllScope` are shared by reference with every new scope. **Dot-sourcing** creates no scope: the callee's locals tuple is pushed onto the current scope's `DottedScopes` for the duration of the call.",
+   "label": "FACT-SRC",
+   "evidence": [
+    "src/System.Management.Automation/engine/ScopedItemSearcher.cs::VariableScopeItemSearcher@L244-L297",
+    "src/System.Management.Automation/engine/SessionStateScope.cs::SessionStateScope.SetVariable@L401-L518",
+    "src/System.Management.Automation/engine/runtime/Operations/VariableOps.cs::VariableOps.SetVariableValue@L19-L120",
+    "src/System.Management.Automation/engine/SessionStateScopeAPIs.cs::SessionStateInternal.NewScope@L227-L240",
+    "src/System.Management.Automation/engine/ExecutionContext.cs::ExecutionContext.IsStrictVersion@L117-L143"
+   ],
+   "owner": "02-language/SCOPE-AND-VARIABLES.md",
+   "status": "open"
+  }
+ ],
+ "deviations": [
+  {
+   "id": "DEV-SCP-080",
+   "baseline_behavior": "Values assigned to global variables are marked untrusted in Constrained Language Mode.",
+   "proposed_behavior": "No trust marking.",
+   "benefit": "Simpler assignment path.",
+   "compatibility_cost": "No Constrained Language Mode.",
+   "affected_cfs": [
+    "CF-SCP-001"
+   ],
+   "status": "PROPOSED"
+  },
+  {
+   "id": "DEV-CTX-081",
+   "baseline_behavior": "ExecutionContext carries language mode and invalidates binder caches on change.",
+   "proposed_behavior": "No language modes.",
+   "benefit": "No cache invalidation logic.",
+   "compatibility_cost": "No restricted modes.",
+   "affected_cfs": [],
+   "status": "PROPOSED"
+  }
+ ]
+}

docs-out/.work/claims/T26.jsonl

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+{"id": "CLM-RTOPS-0001", "subject_key": "erroraction.default", "predicate": "ErrorActionPreference default in statement error handling", "value": "Continue", "label": "FACT-SRC", "evidence": ["src/System.Management.Automation/engine/runtime/Operations/MiscOps.cs::ExceptionHandlingOps@L1460-L2197"], "doc": "LANG-RTOPS-001", "cf": null}
+{"id": "CLM-RTOPS-0002", "subject_key": "erroraction.throw_statement", "predicate": "exception from a throw statement without traps", "value": "rethrown", "label": "FACT-SRC", "evidence": ["src/System.Management.Automation/engine/runtime/Operations/MiscOps.cs::ExceptionHandlingOps@L1460-L2197"], "doc": "LANG-RTOPS-001", "cf": null}
+{"id": "CLM-RTOPS-0003", "subject_key": "trap.continue", "predicate": "continue inside a trap", "value": "SilentlyContinue", "label": "FACT-SRC", "evidence": ["src/System.Management.Automation/engine/runtime/Operations/MiscOps.cs::ExceptionHandlingOps@L1460-L2197"], "doc": "LANG-RTOPS-001", "cf": null}
+{"id": "CLM-RTOPS-0004", "subject_key": "loopflow.empty_label", "predicate": "empty break/continue label", "value": "matches any loop", "label": "FACT-SRC", "evidence": ["src/System.Management.Automation/engine/lang/parserutils.cs::LoopFlowException@L36-L67"], "doc": "LANG-RTOPS-001", "cf": null}
+{"id": "CLM-RTOPS-0005", "subject_key": "hashtable.literal.duplicate", "predicate": "duplicate or null key in hashtable literal", "value": "runtime error", "label": "FACT-SRC", "evidence": ["src/System.Management.Automation/engine/runtime/Operations/MiscOps.cs::HashtableOps@L1402-L1458"], "doc": "LANG-RTOPS-001", "cf": null}
+{"id": "CLM-RTOPS-0006", "subject_key": "binder.count", "predicate": "binder classes in dataset", "value": "30", "label": "FACT-SRC", "evidence": ["src/System.Management.Automation/engine/runtime/Binding/Binders.cs::PSBinaryOperationBinder@L2119-L3422"], "doc": "LANG-RTOPS-001", "cf": null}

docs-out/.work/claims/T28.jsonl

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+{"id": "CLM-TYP-0001", "subject_key": "enumeration.string", "predicate": "string is enumerated by PSEnumerableBinder", "value": "false", "label": "FACT-SRC", "evidence": ["src/System.Management.Automation/engine/runtime/Binding/Binders.cs::PSEnumerableBinder.FallbackConvert@L580-L698"], "doc": "LANG-TYPES-001", "cf": "CF-PIP-001"}
+{"id": "CLM-TYP-0002", "subject_key": "enumeration.dictionary", "predicate": "IDictionary is enumerated", "value": "false", "label": "FACT-SRC", "evidence": ["src/System.Management.Automation/engine/runtime/Binding/Binders.cs::PSEnumerableBinder.FallbackConvert@L580-L698"], "doc": "LANG-TYPES-001", "cf": "CF-PIP-001"}
+{"id": "CLM-TYP-0003", "subject_key": "output.unroll_depth", "predicate": "pipe write unrolls enumerables by", "value": "one level", "label": "FACT-SRC", "evidence": ["src/System.Management.Automation/engine/runtime/Operations/MiscOps.cs::EnumerableOps.WriteEnumerableToPipe@L3623-L3640"], "doc": "LANG-TYPES-001", "cf": "CF-PIP-001"}
+{"id": "CLM-TYP-0004", "subject_key": "arith.int_overflow", "predicate": "int add/sub/mul overflow result type", "value": "double", "label": "FACT-SRC", "evidence": ["src/System.Management.Automation/engine/runtime/Operations/NumericOps.cs::IntOps@L15-L129"], "doc": "LANG-TYPES-001", "cf": null}
+{"id": "CLM-TYP-0005", "subject_key": "arith.int_divide", "predicate": "int/int result", "value": "int if exact else double", "label": "FACT-SRC", "evidence": ["src/System.Management.Automation/engine/runtime/Operations/NumericOps.cs::IntOps@L15-L129"], "doc": "LANG-TYPES-001", "cf": null}
+{"id": "CLM-TYP-0006", "subject_key": "arith.zero_divide", "predicate": "division by zero", "value": "RuntimeException", "label": "FACT-SRC", "evidence": ["src/System.Management.Automation/engine/runtime/Operations/NumericOps.cs::IntOps@L15-L129"], "doc": "LANG-TYPES-001", "cf": null}
+{"id": "CLM-TYP-0007", "subject_key": "truthiness.string", "predicate": "string truthiness", "value": "non-empty", "label": "FACT-SRC", "evidence": ["src/System.Management.Automation/engine/LanguagePrimitives.cs::LanguagePrimitives.IsTrue@L980-L1018"], "doc": "LANG-TYPES-001", "cf": "CF-CNV-001"}
+{"id": "CLM-TYP-0008", "subject_key": "truthiness.list", "predicate": "single-element list truthiness", "value": "truthiness of the element (list element: non-empty)", "label": "FACT-SRC", "evidence": ["src/System.Management.Automation/engine/LanguagePrimitives.cs::LanguagePrimitives.IsTrue@L980-L1018"], "doc": "LANG-TYPES-001", "cf": "CF-CNV-001"}
+{"id": "CLM-TYP-0009", "subject_key": "pipelineresult.bool", "predicate": "captured pipeline result to bool", "value": "0:false, 1:element as bool, >1:true", "label": "FACT-SRC", "evidence": ["src/System.Management.Automation/engine/runtime/Binding/Binders.cs::PSPipelineResultToBoolBinder@L1119-L1178"], "doc": "LANG-TYPES-001", "cf": null}
+{"id": "CLM-TYP-0010", "subject_key": "destructuring.shape", "predicate": "array destructuring with more values than targets", "value": "last target receives the remaining values as a slice", "label": "FACT-SRC", "evidence": ["src/System.Management.Automation/engine/runtime/Binding/Binders.cs::PSArrayAssignmentRHSBinder@L935-L1042"], "doc": "LANG-TYPES-001", "cf": null}
+{"id": "CLM-TYP-0011", "subject_key": "convert.double_format", "predicate": "double to string format", "value": "G15 (invariant)", "label": "FACT-SRC", "evidence": ["src/System.Management.Automation/engine/LanguagePrimitives.cs::LanguagePrimitives@L308-L309"], "doc": "LANG-TYPES-001", "cf": "CF-CNV-001"}
+{"id": "CLM-TYP-0012", "subject_key": "convert.string_to_number", "predicate": "string to number uses", "value": "Parser.ScanNumber", "label": "FACT-SRC", "evidence": ["src/System.Management.Automation/engine/LanguagePrimitives.cs::LanguagePrimitives.TryScanNumber@L2882-L2900"], "doc": "LANG-TYPES-001", "cf": "CF-CNV-001"}
+{"id": "CLM-TYP-0013", "subject_key": "convert.constrained_gate", "predicate": "constrained language conversion targets", "value": "object, object[] or CoreTypes only", "label": "FACT-SRC", "evidence": ["src/System.Management.Automation/engine/LanguagePrimitives.cs::LanguagePrimitives.FigureConversion@L5641-L5828"], "doc": "LANG-TYPES-001", "cf": "CF-CNV-001"}
+{"id": "CLM-TYP-0014", "subject_key": "operator.precedence.levels", "predicate": "binary precedence levels", "value": "logical1 bitwise2 comparison5 coalesce7 add9 multiply10 format12 range13", "label": "FACT-SRC", "evidence": ["src/System.Management.Automation/engine/parser/token.cs::TokenFlags@L601-L752"], "doc": "LANG-TYPES-001", "cf": "CF-OP-001"}
+{"id": "CLM-TYP-0015", "subject_key": "repeat.restricted_cap", "predicate": "string/array repetition cap in RestrictedLanguage", "value": "1024", "label": "FACT-SRC", "evidence": ["src/System.Management.Automation/engine/runtime/Operations/StringOps.cs::StringOps@L15-L107"], "doc": "LANG-TYPES-001", "cf": null}
+{"id": "CLM-TYP-0016", "subject_key": "hashtable.add.comparer", "predicate": "hashtable + hashtable comparer", "value": "CurrentCultureIgnoreCase", "label": "FACT-SRC", "evidence": ["src/System.Management.Automation/engine/runtime/Operations/MiscOps.cs::HashtableOps@L1402-L1458"], "doc": "LANG-TYPES-001", "cf": null}