[TS] Route thrown exceptions into catch blocks

[CaelmBleidd]

Thrown TypeScript values now enter the nearest catch handler and remain available to its binding. Without a handler, the interpreter unwinds to the caller and checks the call site. An unresolved throw expression no longer becomes an invented undefined exception.

Closes #427.

Implementation

• Read the catch binding through EtsCaughtExceptionRef, retain the current stack frame until catch processing, and preserve the caught value when cloning a symbolic state.
• Pin JacoDB to the merged neo commit 147d3b2797b693755c1d09fc28047ba43577a609 ([TS] Preserve exceptional CFG edges for try/catch jacodb#393), which provides exceptional CFG edges and caught-exception references.
• Align two import-resolution test assertions with the dependency's default-export metadata contract: originalName is the storage name default, while nameBeforeAs retains Helper.
• Cover conditional throws, catch bindings, the nearest nested handler, exceptions from a callee, and rethrow to an outer handler. Generated witnesses replay in Node.js.
• finally is tracked separately.

Validation

On head f1d168e7a5034945ae0c28c4b30fe263ae7c63f7:

• 101 focused usvm-ts tests passed; 19 existing disabled tests were skipped. Coverage includes catch routing, exceptions, string equality, symbolic strings/concatenation, property deletion, allocated arrays, imports, and import/export resolution.
• All 13 usvm-ts-calls tests passed.
• :usvm-ts:detektMain, :usvm-ts:detektTest, and git diff --check passed.
• JitPack published the exact merged dependency commit, and local checks used its downloaded artifacts on JDK 23 without composite dependency substitution. These checks do not establish the full GitHub CI result.
• The local pre-commit hook invokes the absent checkLicense task; the dependency follow-up commit bypassed that hook after the checks above passed.

The branch is based on main at 4141213cf4623f9e3c7e3c37cbc35786d7ccc407; previously merged string changes are excluded from this PR's diff.