diff --git a/CLAUDE.md b/CLAUDE.md
index ec66061..5ed2f53 100644
--- a/CLAUDE.md
+++ b/CLAUDE.md
@@ -164,14 +164,6 @@ This is the section to read before assuming a `.proto` will round-trip:
   drops them.
 - **Groups are unsupported.** `DataType` has no `GROUP` (10) and `WireType` has no
   SGROUP (3) / EGROUP (4); both raise `"Unknown wire type"`.
-- **A negative `int32` or `enum` decodes differently per interpreter.** The wire
-  form is a ten-byte sign-extended varint, and `bit64.to_number` is unsigned
-  (`value[1] * 0x100000000 + value[2]`). On 5.3+ that multiply overflows signed
-  64-bit integers and wraps to the correct answer; on 5.1, 5.2 and LuaJIT the
-  operands are doubles, nothing wraps, and `-1` reads as `1.8446744073709552e19`.
-  Four of the six CI matrix entries are the second kind. Note that a current
-  Homebrew `lua` is 5.5, which is **not** in the matrix and does wrap, so this is
-  invisible locally. Tracked as FL-19.
 - **`sfixed32` is unsigned in both directions.** Decode returns `4294967295` for
   the wire bytes `FFFFFFFF` where the reference returns `-1`, and encoding a
   negative one raises `bad argument #4 to 'char'`. `sfixed64` is unaffected: its
@@ -295,6 +287,14 @@ SINT64, FIXED64 and SFIXED64 come back as Int64 **tables**, while INT32, UINT32,
 ENUM, BOOL and FIXED32 come back as plain numbers. `pb.decode_varint` silently
 truncates beyond 53 bits.
 
+The 32-bit varint types do not go through `pb.decode_varint`. INT32, UINT32,
+ENUM and SINT32 read the full `{high, low}` pair and then discard the high word,
+because protobuf truncates a varint to the field's declared width rather than
+widening it: `int32` and `uint32` are wire compatible, so the five-byte payload
+`0xFFFFFFFF` is `4294967295` read as one and `-1` read as the other. Going
+through a plain number instead would make the answer depend on the interpreter's
+number model, which is what FL-19 fixed.
+
 ### Vendor Dependencies
 
 The `vendor/bitn.lua` file is a vendored copy of the [lua-bitn](https://github.com/finitelabs/lua-bitn) library providing portable bitwise operations. Import as `require("bitn")` (not `vendor.bitn`).
diff --git a/src/protobuf/init.lua b/src/protobuf/init.lua
index 7c847c3..aeaadbe 100644
--- a/src/protobuf/init.lua
+++ b/src/protobuf/init.lua
@@ -533,6 +533,21 @@ function pb.decode_length_delimited(buffer, pos)
   return data, new_pos + length
 end
 
+--- Reads the low 32 bits of a decoded varint as a signed two's complement value.
+---
+--- The reference implementation truncates a varint to the field's declared
+--- width rather than widening it, so the five-byte payload `0xFFFFFFFF` is -1
+--- as an int32 even though no sign bit is set at 64 bits.
+--- @param pair Int64HighLow The decoded varint as a {high_32, low_32} pair.
+--- @return integer value The low word interpreted as a signed 32-bit integer.
+local function varint_to_int32(pair)
+  local low = pair[2]
+  if low >= 0x80000000 then
+    return low - 0x100000000
+  end
+  return low
+end
+
 --- Decodes one non-length-delimited value off the wire.
 --- @param protoSchema ProtoSchema The complete proto schema.
 --- @param fieldType integer The field's data type, which selects among the wire type's readings.
@@ -553,14 +568,20 @@ local function decode_scalar(protoSchema, fieldType, wireType, buffer, pos)
       value = pb.zigzag_decode64(raw)
     elseif fieldType == protoSchema.DataType.SINT32 then
       local raw
-      raw, pos = pb.decode_varint(buffer, pos)
-      value = pb.zigzag_decode32(raw)
+      raw, pos = pb.decode_varint64(buffer, pos)
+      value = pb.zigzag_decode32(raw[2])
     elseif fieldType == protoSchema.DataType.BOOL then
       value, pos = pb.decode_varint(buffer, pos)
       value = value ~= 0 -- Convert to boolean
+    elseif fieldType == protoSchema.DataType.UINT32 then
+      local raw
+      raw, pos = pb.decode_varint64(buffer, pos)
+      value = raw[2]
     else
-      -- INT32, UINT32, ENUM, etc.
-      value, pos = pb.decode_varint(buffer, pos)
+      -- INT32, ENUM
+      local raw
+      raw, pos = pb.decode_varint64(buffer, pos)
+      value = varint_to_int32(raw)
     end
   elseif wireType == protoSchema.WireType.FIXED64 then
     if fieldType == protoSchema.DataType.DOUBLE then
diff --git a/test/generated/wire_vectors.lua b/test/generated/wire_vectors.lua
index aced7f8..95a7170 100644
--- a/test/generated/wire_vectors.lua
+++ b/test/generated/wire_vectors.lua
@@ -382,6 +382,54 @@ return {
       },
     },
   },
+  {
+    name = "int32 from a five-byte payload",
+    note = "a uint32 producer's 0xFFFFFFFF read back through a wire-compatible int32",
+    golden = "\008\255\255\255\255\015",
+    expected = {
+      optional_int32 = -1,
+    },
+  },
+  {
+    name = "int32 at the sign boundary",
+    note = "0x80000000 is the low word's first negative value",
+    golden = "\008\128\128\128\128\008",
+    expected = {
+      optional_int32 = -2147483648,
+    },
+  },
+  {
+    name = "int32 with a populated high word",
+    note = "bits above the low word are discarded rather than widening the value",
+    golden = "\008\129\128\128\128\240\255\255\255\255\001",
+    expected = {
+      optional_int32 = 1,
+    },
+  },
+  {
+    name = "enum from a five-byte payload",
+    note = "an enum truncates to 32 bits on the same path as int32",
+    golden = "\168\001\255\255\255\255\015",
+    expected = {
+      optional_nested_enum = -1,
+    },
+  },
+  {
+    name = "uint32 from a ten-byte payload",
+    note = "truncation is unsigned here, so the same bytes are not int32's -1",
+    golden = "\024\255\255\255\255\255\255\255\255\255\001",
+    expected = {
+      optional_uint32 = 4294967295,
+    },
+  },
+  {
+    name = "sint32 from a ten-byte payload",
+    note = "the zigzag input is the truncated low word, not a rounded double",
+    golden = "(\255\255\255\255\255\255\255\255\255\001",
+    expected = {
+      optional_sint32 = -2147483648,
+    },
+  },
   {
     name = "oneof scalar arm",
     note = "ordinary field on the wire",
diff --git a/test/known_gaps.lua b/test/known_gaps.lua
index ca1fd2a..c0c5538 100644
--- a/test/known_gaps.lua
+++ b/test/known_gaps.lua
@@ -21,19 +21,13 @@ return {
   },
 
   -- May pass or fail depending on the interpreter's number model, so neither
-  -- outcome fails the run. These cannot be strict: FL-19 makes a negative int32
-  -- decode correctly on 5.3 and 5.4, where signed 64-bit arithmetic wraps, and
-  -- incorrectly on 5.1, 5.2 and LuaJIT, where it does not. Demanding a failure
-  -- would turn 5.3 and 5.4 red for the opposite reason.
+  -- outcome fails the run, and the result is printed rather than asserted.
   --
-  -- The result is still printed on every run, so the split stays visible rather
-  -- than becoming a silent exclusion.
-  version_dependent = {
-    ["negative scalars | decode"] = "FL-19",
-    ["negative scalars | encode"] = "FL-19",
-    ["negative enum | decode"] = "FL-19",
-    ["negative enum | encode"] = "FL-19",
-    ["maps with 32-bit keys | decode"] = "FL-19",
-    ["maps with 32-bit keys | encode"] = "FL-19",
-  },
+  -- Empty since FL-19. Its six entries were the only ones: a negative int32 or
+  -- enum decoded correctly on 5.3 and 5.4, where signed 64-bit arithmetic wraps,
+  -- and to 1.8446744073709552e19 on 5.1, 5.2 and LuaJIT, where it does not, so a
+  -- strict entry would only have moved which half of the matrix was red. The
+  -- decoder now truncates to 32 bits explicitly and the vectors are asserted on
+  -- every interpreter.
+  version_dependent = {},
 }
diff --git a/tools/gen_wire_vectors b/tools/gen_wire_vectors
index 3d1c5a1..d35b48b 100755
--- a/tools/gen_wire_vectors
+++ b/tools/gen_wire_vectors
@@ -201,6 +201,29 @@ def build_cases(cls):
             + payload
         )
 
+    def varint_field_wire(field_name, raw):
+        """
+        Build a varint field carrying `raw` as its full unsigned 64-bit payload.
+
+        The reference's serializer only ever emits the canonical width for the
+        value it holds, so it cannot produce a 32-bit field whose payload has
+        bits above the low word: writing `int32 = -1` always yields the ten-byte
+        sign-extended form and never the five-byte `0xFFFFFFFF` that a `uint32`
+        producer writes for the same field number. int32 and uint32 are wire
+        compatible by design, so that encoding reaches a real decoder, and only
+        an assembled vector can carry it.
+        """
+        field = cls.DESCRIPTOR.fields_by_name[field_name]
+        payload = bytearray()
+        remaining = raw & 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
+        while True:
+            group = remaining & 0x7F
+            remaining >>= 7
+            payload.append(group | 0x80 if remaining else group)
+            if not remaining:
+                break
+        return reference_encoder.TagBytes(field.number, 0) + bytes(payload)
+
     def raw_case(name, note, golden, populate):
         """
         A vector whose bytes are assembled rather than serialized whole.
@@ -448,6 +471,48 @@ def build_cases(cls):
              map_entry_wire("map_string_string", value="only"),
              lambda message: message.map_string_string.__setitem__("", "only"))
 
+    # -- 32-bit varints whose payload exceeds the low word, FL-19 -----------
+    #
+    # Every vector here is red on all six matrix entries before the fix, which
+    # is what makes the suite unable to accept 5.3's signed-64-bit wraparound as
+    # a pass: wraparound reproduces the low word, and the low word is not the
+    # answer for any of these.
+
+    raw_case("int32 from a five-byte payload",
+             "a uint32 producer's 0xFFFFFFFF read back through a wire-compatible int32",
+             varint_field_wire("optional_int32", 0xFFFFFFFF),
+             lambda message: setattr(message, "optional_int32", -1))
+
+    raw_case("int32 at the sign boundary",
+             "0x80000000 is the low word's first negative value",
+             varint_field_wire("optional_int32", 0x80000000),
+             lambda message: setattr(message, "optional_int32", -2147483648))
+
+    raw_case("int32 with a populated high word",
+             "bits above the low word are discarded rather than widening the value",
+             varint_field_wire("optional_int32", 0xFFFFFFFF00000001),
+             lambda message: setattr(message, "optional_int32", 1))
+
+    raw_case("enum from a five-byte payload",
+             "an enum truncates to 32 bits on the same path as int32",
+             varint_field_wire("optional_nested_enum", 0xFFFFFFFF),
+             lambda message: setattr(message, "optional_nested_enum", -1))
+
+    raw_case("uint32 from a ten-byte payload",
+             "truncation is unsigned here, so the same bytes are not int32's -1",
+             varint_field_wire("optional_uint32", 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF),
+             lambda message: setattr(message, "optional_uint32", 4294967295))
+
+    # A smaller high word does not discriminate: zigzag_decode32 is built from
+    # 32-bit primitives that truncate their own input, so it already reads
+    # 0x100000001 as -1. Only a payload wide enough to lose precision as a
+    # double reaches the defect, where the old path handed those primitives
+    # 1.8446744073709552e19 and they returned 0.
+    raw_case("sint32 from a ten-byte payload",
+             "the zigzag input is the truncated low word, not a rounded double",
+             varint_field_wire("optional_sint32", 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF),
+             lambda message: setattr(message, "optional_sint32", -2147483648))
+
     # -- oneof, wire-level only ---------------------------------------------
     def oneof_scalar(message):
         message.oneof_uint32 = 11