stack.rs

//! Network protocol stack for Zero-OS (Phase D.2)
//!
//! This module provides the main packet processing loop that integrates
//! all protocol layers (Ethernet, IPv4, ICMP).
//!
//! # Architecture
//!
//! ```text
//!                     +------------------+
//!                     |   NetDevice      |
//!                     | (virtio-net)     |
//!                     +--------+---------+
//!                              |
//!                     +--------v---------+
//!                     |   Ethernet       |
//!                     |   (parse/build)  |
//!                     +--------+---------+
//!                              |
//!              +---------------+---------------+
//!              |                               |
//!     +--------v---------+           +---------v--------+
//!     |     IPv4         |           |      ARP         |
//!     | (validate/route) |           |  (cache/reply)   |
//!     +--------+---------+           +------------------+
//!              |
//!     +--------v---------+
//!     |     ICMP         |
//!     |  (echo reply)    |
//!     +------------------+
//! ```
//!
//! # Security
//!
//! - All packet parsing uses strict validation
//! - ICMP responses are rate-limited
//! - Source routing is rejected
//! - Broadcast/multicast sources are rejected

use core::cmp;
use core::sync::atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicU64, AtomicUsize, Ordering};
use spin::{Mutex, Once};

use crate::arp::{process_arp, ArpCache, ArpError, ArpResult, ArpStats};
use crate::buffer::{BufPool, NetBuf};
use crate::device::{RxError, TxError};
use crate::ethernet::{
    build_ethernet_frame_from_parts, parse_ethernet, try_build_ethernet_frame_from_parts, EthAddr,
    EthHeader, ETHERTYPE_ARP, ETHERTYPE_IPV4,
};
use crate::firewall::{try_firewall_table_for_ns, FirewallAction, FirewallPacket, FirewallVerdict};
use crate::fragment::{
    cleanup_expired_fragments, process_fragment as reassemble_fragment, FragmentDropReason,
};
use crate::icmp::{
    build_dest_unreachable_limited, build_echo_reply, parse_icmp, IcmpError, ICMP_RATE_LIMITER,
    ICMP_TYPE_DEST_UNREACHABLE, ICMP_TYPE_ECHO_REPLY, ICMP_TYPE_ECHO_REQUEST,
};
use crate::ipv4::{
    build_ipv4_header, compute_checksum, parse_ipv4, Ipv4Addr, Ipv4Error, Ipv4Header, Ipv4Proto,
    IPV4_HEADER_MIN_LEN,
};
use crate::socket::{socket_table, TcpConnectResult, TcpReplyBinding};
use crate::tcp::{
    build_tcp_segment, parse_tcp_header, parse_tcp_options, verify_tcp_checksum, TcpError,
    TcpHeader, TCP_FLAG_ACK, TCP_FLAG_FIN, TCP_FLAG_RST, TCP_FLAG_SYN, TCP_HEADER_MIN_LEN,
};
use crate::udp::{parse_udp, parse_udp_header, UdpError, UdpHeader, UdpStats, UDP_HEADER_LEN};
use crate::WirePacket;
use crate::DEFAULT_MTU;
use cap::NamespaceId;
use mm::dma::{alloc_dma_buffer, DMA_PAGE_SIZE};

// ============================================================================
// Statistics
// ============================================================================

/// Network stack statistics
#[derive(Debug, Default)]
pub struct NetStats {
    /// Total packets received
    pub rx_packets: AtomicU64,
    /// Packets dropped due to parsing errors
    pub rx_errors: AtomicU64,
    /// IPv4 packets received
    pub ipv4_rx: AtomicU64,
    /// ICMP packets received
    pub icmp_rx: AtomicU64,
    /// ICMP echo requests received
    pub icmp_echo_rx: AtomicU64,
    /// ICMP echo replies sent
    pub icmp_echo_tx: AtomicU64,
    /// Packets dropped by rate limiter
    pub rate_limited: AtomicU64,
    /// Packets dropped due to unsupported protocol
    pub unsupported_proto: AtomicU64,
    /// IP fragments received
    pub fragments_rx: AtomicU64,
    /// Successfully reassembled datagrams
    pub fragments_reassembled: AtomicU64,
    /// Fragments dropped (security limits, overlap, etc.)
    pub fragments_dropped: AtomicU64,
    /// ARP statistics
    pub arp_stats: ArpStats,
    /// UDP statistics
    pub udp_stats: UdpStats,
}

impl NetStats {
    /// Create new stats counter
    pub const fn new() -> Self {
        NetStats {
            rx_packets: AtomicU64::new(0),
            rx_errors: AtomicU64::new(0),
            ipv4_rx: AtomicU64::new(0),
            icmp_rx: AtomicU64::new(0),
            icmp_echo_rx: AtomicU64::new(0),
            icmp_echo_tx: AtomicU64::new(0),
            rate_limited: AtomicU64::new(0),
            unsupported_proto: AtomicU64::new(0),
            fragments_rx: AtomicU64::new(0),
            fragments_reassembled: AtomicU64::new(0),
            fragments_dropped: AtomicU64::new(0),
            arp_stats: ArpStats::new(),
            udp_stats: UdpStats::new(),
        }
    }

    #[inline]
    fn inc_rx_packets(&self) {
        self.rx_packets.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
    }

    #[inline]
    fn inc_rx_errors(&self) {
        self.rx_errors.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
    }

    #[inline]
    fn inc_ipv4_rx(&self) {
        self.ipv4_rx.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
    }

    #[inline]
    fn inc_icmp_rx(&self) {
        self.icmp_rx.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
    }

    #[inline]
    fn inc_icmp_echo_rx(&self) {
        self.icmp_echo_rx.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
    }

    #[inline]
    fn inc_icmp_echo_tx(&self) {
        self.icmp_echo_tx.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
    }

    #[inline]
    fn inc_rate_limited(&self) {
        self.rate_limited.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
    }

    #[inline]
    fn inc_unsupported_proto(&self) {
        self.unsupported_proto.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
    }

    #[inline]
    fn inc_fragments_rx(&self) {
        self.fragments_rx.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
    }

    #[inline]
    fn inc_fragments_reassembled(&self) {
        self.fragments_reassembled.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
    }

    #[inline]
    fn inc_fragments_dropped(&self) {
        self.fragments_dropped.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
    }
}

// ============================================================================
// Packet Processing Result
// ============================================================================

/// A complete prepared egress frame whose policy decision and conntrack
/// publication remain bound to the eventual device-queue operation. This is
/// used by both ingress-generated replies and outbound frames parked on ARP.
///
/// The type is intentionally non-cloneable and does not expose its owned
/// `WirePacket`. Callers may inspect the bytes, but must consume the owner with
/// [`transmit_prepared_reply`] to obtain the queue/conntrack transaction.
pub struct PreparedReply {
    frame: WirePacket,
    tx_context: Option<u64>,
    tcp_binding: Option<TcpReplyBinding>,
    stat: PreparedReplyStat,
    reject_count: u8,
    retry_not_before_ms: u64,
    egress_class: PreparedEgressClass,
    deferred_ct: DeferredCt,
}

/// Firewall semantics for the final prepared-frame policy recheck.
///
/// Ingress-generated replies use the reply-only ESTABLISHED/RELATED floor.
/// Frames parked by direct egress remain outbound data and must retain the
/// direct path's NEW/lookup classification when policy is rechecked.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
enum PreparedEgressClass {
    IngressReply,
    DeferredOutbound,
}

/// D3 PENDING-FRAME v2: which egress conntrack transaction was DEFERRED when
/// this frame bypassed the direct-TX path (parked on an on-link miss). The
/// prepared transaction consults this EXPLICITLY — never inferred from the
/// frame's protocol alone — so a future prepared UDP reply that committed
/// conntrack elsewhere stays untouched by default. Parked TCP needs no
/// marker: the transaction's existing TCP arm already runs the direct path's
/// `ct_egress_tcp_with_commit` coupling (`operation = None` for bindingless
/// frames), and ICMP/raw parity is by omission (the direct path does not
/// conntrack-commit them either).
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
enum DeferredCt {
    /// No deferred transaction.
    None,
    /// Parked UDP data frame: run `ct_egress_udp` at queue-accept.
    Udp,
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
enum PreparedReplyStat {
    None,
    ArpReply,
    IcmpEcho,
    /// D3 ARP-PROBE: request-TX probe — a queue-accepted commit ticks
    /// `probes_sent` (the same accept-point discipline as `ArpReply`).
    ArpProbe,
}

impl PreparedReply {
    fn new(frame: WirePacket) -> Self {
        Self {
            frame,
            tx_context: None,
            tcp_binding: None,
            stat: PreparedReplyStat::None,
            reject_count: 0,
            retry_not_before_ms: 0,
            egress_class: PreparedEgressClass::IngressReply,
            deferred_ct: DeferredCt::None,
        }
    }

    /// Preserve direct-egress firewall semantics across an ARP-miss park.
    fn with_deferred_outbound(mut self) -> Self {
        self.egress_class = PreparedEgressClass::DeferredOutbound;
        self
    }

    /// D3 PENDING-FRAME v2: mark this parked UDP data frame's conntrack
    /// egress transaction as deferred to queue-accept (see [`DeferredCt`]).
    fn with_deferred_udp_ct(mut self) -> Self {
        self.deferred_ct = DeferredCt::Udp;
        self
    }

    /// D3 PENDING-FRAME v2: overwrite the frame's destination MAC (bytes
    /// 0..6) — the pop-time patch that turns a parked ZERO-placeholder frame
    /// into a deliverable one, run under the owning ARP cache's mutex so no
    /// unpatched frame can leave the pending queue. Returns `false` (frame
    /// untouched) when the frame is shorter than an Ethernet destination —
    /// structurally unreachable for parked frames, checked fail-closed.
    pub(crate) fn patch_dst_mac(&mut self, mac: EthAddr) -> bool {
        let bytes = self.frame.as_mut_slice();
        let Some(dst) = bytes.get_mut(..6) else {
            return false;
        };
        dst.copy_from_slice(&mac.0);
        true
    }

    fn bind_tcp(&mut self, binding: Option<TcpReplyBinding>) {
        self.tcp_binding = binding;
    }

    fn with_stat(mut self, stat: PreparedReplyStat) -> Self {
        self.stat = stat;
        self
    }

    fn commit_stat(&self, stats: &NetStats) {
        match self.stat {
            PreparedReplyStat::None => {}
            PreparedReplyStat::ArpReply => stats.arp_stats.inc_tx_replies(),
            PreparedReplyStat::IcmpEcho => stats.inc_icmp_echo_tx(),
            PreparedReplyStat::ArpProbe => stats.arp_stats.inc_probes_sent(),
        }
    }

    fn note_queue_rejection(&mut self, now_ms: u64) {
        const BASE_MS: u64 = 10;
        const MAX_MS: u64 = 1_000;
        self.reject_count = self.reject_count.saturating_add(1);
        let shift = self.reject_count.saturating_sub(1).min(7) as u32;
        let delay = BASE_MS.checked_shl(shift).unwrap_or(MAX_MS).min(MAX_MS);
        self.retry_not_before_ms = now_ms.saturating_add(delay);
    }

    fn authorize(&mut self, net_ns_id: u64, _now_ms: u64) {
        self.tx_context = Some(net_ns_id);
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn as_slice(&self) -> &[u8] {
        self.frame.as_slice()
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
        self.frame.len()
    }

    #[inline]
    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
        self.frame.is_empty()
    }
}

impl core::ops::Deref for PreparedReply {
    type Target = [u8];

    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
        self.as_slice()
    }
}

impl AsRef<[u8]> for PreparedReply {
    fn as_ref(&self) -> &[u8] {
        self.as_slice()
    }
}

impl core::fmt::Debug for PreparedReply {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("PreparedReply")
            .field("frame", &self.frame)
            .field("authorized", &self.tx_context.is_some())
            .field("tcp_binding", &self.tcp_binding)
            .field("stat", &self.stat)
            .field("reject_count", &self.reject_count)
            .field("retry_not_before_ms", &self.retry_not_before_ms)
            .field("deferred_ct", &self.deferred_ct)
            .finish()
    }
}

#[derive(Debug)]
pub enum PreparedReplyTxError {
    /// Nothing reached the device; the exact admitted owner remains retryable.
    Retryable(TxError, PreparedReply),
    /// The device accepted the packet (or the transaction invariant was lost),
    /// so returning the owner would permit an unsafe duplicate transmission.
    Consumed(TxError),
}

/// Result of processing an incoming packet
#[derive(Debug)]
pub enum ProcessResult {
    /// Packet was handled, no response needed
    Handled,
    /// Packet requires a response to be sent
    Reply(PreparedReply),
    /// Packet was dropped with reason
    Dropped(DropReason),
}

/// Reason for dropping a packet
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
pub enum DropReason {
    /// Ethernet frame parsing failed
    EthParseError,
    /// IPv4 parsing/validation failed
    Ipv4Error(Ipv4Error),
    /// ICMP parsing failed
    IcmpError(IcmpError),
    /// ARP processing error
    ArpError(ArpError),
    /// UDP processing error
    UdpError(UdpError),
    /// TCP processing error
    TcpError(TcpError),
    /// Fragment reassembly error
    FragmentError(FragmentDropReason),
    /// Unsupported EtherType
    UnsupportedEtherType,
    /// Unsupported IP protocol
    UnsupportedProtocol,
    /// Rate limited
    RateLimited,
    /// RF178-7 FIX: Conntrack metadata admission failed.
    ConntrackExhausted,
    /// A socket-accepted handshake could not finalize its exact conntrack flow.
    ConntrackInvalid,
    /// D3-NETNS-DATAPLANE: RX namespace is unknown/destroyed (or the kernel
    /// namespace hooks are not registered yet), so no per-namespace ARP cache
    /// exists to process the frame against. Fail-closed drop.
    NetNsUnavailable,
    /// Dropped by firewall
    Firewall {
        rule_id: Option<u32>,
        rejected: bool,
    },
    /// R190-1: the LSM control-plane hook (`hook_net_control`) denied a
    /// kernel-generated control reply (ICMP echo reply or error).
    PolicyDenied,
}

/// R190-1 FIX: mediate a kernel-generated ICMP reply through the LSM
/// control-plane hook. `src_ip`/`dst_ip` are the reply's addresses.
#[inline]
fn icmp_control_allowed(
    op: lsm::NetControlOp,
    src_ip: Ipv4Addr,
    dst_ip: Ipv4Addr,
    icmp_type: u8,
    icmp_code: u8,
) -> bool {
    lsm::hook_net_control(&lsm::NetControlCtx {
        op,
        src_ip: u32::from_be_bytes(src_ip.0),
        dst_ip: u32::from_be_bytes(dst_ip.0),
        proto_data: (u32::from(icmp_type) << 8) | u32::from(icmp_code),
    })
    .is_ok()
}

// ============================================================================
// Packet Handler
// ============================================================================

/// Process an incoming Ethernet frame.
///
/// This is the main entry point for packet processing. It:
/// 1. Parses the Ethernet header
/// 2. Validates the frame is addressed to us (unicast or broadcast)
/// 3. Routes to the appropriate protocol handler (IPv4, ARP, etc.)
/// 4. Returns any response packet that should be sent
///
/// # Security
///
/// - Only processes frames addressed to our MAC or broadcast
/// - Silently drops frames to other destinations (no error logged)
/// - R90-2 FIX: Network namespace ID is threaded from the receiving device
///   to socket delivery, ensuring namespace isolation for ingress traffic.
///
/// # Arguments
/// * `frame` - Raw Ethernet frame bytes
/// * `our_mac` - Our MAC address (for filtering and responses)
/// * `our_ip` - Our IP address (for filtering and responses)
/// * `stats` - Statistics counters
/// * `net_ns_id` - Network namespace of the receiving device
/// * `now_ms` - Current time in milliseconds (for rate limiting)
///
/// # Returns
/// `ProcessResult` indicating what action to take
///
/// # D3 NETNS-DATAPLANE-CONFIG: Per-namespace ARP cache
/// Looks up the namespace's ARP cache using `net_ns_id` instead of accepting
/// it as a parameter. This implements per-namespace dataplane state.
pub fn process_frame(
    frame: &[u8],
    our_mac: EthAddr,
    our_ip: Ipv4Addr,
    stats: &NetStats,
    net_ns_id: NamespaceId,
    now_ms: u64,
) -> ProcessResult {
    stats.inc_rx_packets();

    // Parse Ethernet header
    let (eth_hdr, eth_payload) = match parse_ethernet(frame) {
        Ok(result) => result,
        Err(_) => {
            stats.inc_rx_errors();
            return ProcessResult::Dropped(DropReason::EthParseError);
        }
    };

    // MAC filtering: only accept frames addressed to us or broadcast
    // This prevents processing stray traffic and reflection attacks
    if eth_hdr.dst != our_mac && !eth_hdr.dst.is_broadcast() {
        // Not for us - silently drop without incrementing error counter
        return ProcessResult::Handled;
    }

    // Route to protocol handler
    let mut result = match eth_hdr.ethertype {
        ETHERTYPE_IPV4 => {
            // R90-2 FIX: Pass network namespace to IPv4 handler
            process_ipv4(
                eth_payload,
                &eth_hdr,
                our_mac,
                our_ip,
                stats,
                net_ns_id,
                now_ms,
            )
        }
        ETHERTYPE_ARP => {
            // D3-NETNS-DATAPLANE: resolve the RECEIVING namespace's ARP cache
            // through the kernel_core hook. Fail-closed: an ARP frame may only
            // be learned into (and answered from) the cache of a LIVE, resolved
            // namespace — an unknown/destroyed ns, or a pre-registration RX
            // (no hook yet), drops the frame rather than touching any shared
            // cache. The hook returns the cache Arc, never a namespace handle,
            // so no namespace reference is held across ARP processing.
            //
            // RX-WIRING CONTRACT (Codex round-2): pre-registration this drops
            // root-ns ARP too. There is no production RX caller today; the
            // future ingress loop MUST start only after kernel_core registers
            // the hooks (assert at wiring time), and must decide its own
            // policy for a namespace dying mid-frame (the `Some` below proves
            // liveness at lookup only — see `NetNsDeviceHooks::ns_arp_cache`).
            let arp_cache = match crate::socket::netns_arp_cache(net_ns_id.0) {
                Some(cache) => cache,
                None => {
                    stats.inc_rx_errors();
                    return ProcessResult::Dropped(DropReason::NetNsUnavailable);
                }
            };
            let mut arp_cache_guard = arp_cache.lock();

            // Process ARP packet
            match process_arp(
                eth_payload,
                our_mac,
                our_ip,
                &mut arp_cache_guard,
                &stats.arp_stats,
                now_ms,
            ) {
                ArpResult::Handled => ProcessResult::Handled,
                ArpResult::Reply(frame) => ProcessResult::Reply(
                    PreparedReply::new(frame).with_stat(PreparedReplyStat::ArpReply),
                ),
                ArpResult::Dropped(e) => ProcessResult::Dropped(DropReason::ArpError(e)),
            }
        }
        _ => {
            stats.inc_unsupported_proto();
            ProcessResult::Dropped(DropReason::UnsupportedEtherType)
        }
    };

    // R163-7 FIX: All ingress reply frames (ICMP echo replies, TCP RSTs, firewall REJECT
    // responses, ARP replies) were previously returned directly to the caller, bypassing the
    // egress firewall added in R161-7. Intercept every Reply here and apply the egress
    // firewall before allowing the frame to leave. Frames that fail the egress check are
    // silently dropped so the caller sees Dropped(Firewall) instead of Reply.
    if let ProcessResult::Reply(ref mut reply_frame) = result {
        let egress_class = reply_frame.egress_class;
        if !matches!(
            egress_firewall_allows_prepared(reply_frame, net_ns_id.0, now_ms, egress_class),
            EgressFirewallDecision::Allow
        ) {
            return ProcessResult::Dropped(DropReason::Firewall {
                rule_id: None,
                rejected: false,
            });
        }
        // RF180-41 REVIEW FIX: policy acceptance authorizes preparation only.
        // Conntrack and socket-visible completion remain deferred until the
        // caller successfully queues this non-cloneable reply owner.
        reply_frame.authorize(net_ns_id.0, now_ms);
    }
    result
}

/// Structurally validated transport metadata used by both direct egress and
/// prepared-reply policy evaluation.
///
/// RF180-51 FIX: firewall classification must never run on raw port bytes from
/// a malformed TCP/UDP packet. Keeping the parsed header here also prevents the
/// transmit path from validating one representation and committing another.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
enum ValidatedTransport {
    Tcp(TcpHeader),
    Udp(UdpHeader),
    Other,
}

impl ValidatedTransport {
    #[inline]
    fn ports(self) -> (Option<u16>, Option<u16>) {
        match self {
            Self::Tcp(header) => (Some(header.src_port), Some(header.dst_port)),
            Self::Udp(header) => (Some(header.src_port), Some(header.dst_port)),
            Self::Other => (None, None),
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
enum TransportValidationError {
    Tcp(TcpError),
    Udp(UdpError),
}

fn validate_transport_payload(
    proto: Ipv4Proto,
    payload: &[u8],
) -> Result<ValidatedTransport, TransportValidationError> {
    match proto {
        Ipv4Proto::Tcp => parse_tcp_header(payload)
            .map(ValidatedTransport::Tcp)
            .map_err(TransportValidationError::Tcp),
        Ipv4Proto::Udp => {
            let header = parse_udp_header(payload).map_err(TransportValidationError::Udp)?;
            if header.length as usize != payload.len() {
                return Err(TransportValidationError::Udp(UdpError::LengthMismatch));
            }
            Ok(ValidatedTransport::Udp(header))
        }
        _ => Ok(ValidatedTransport::Other),
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
enum EgressFirewallDecision {
    Allow,
    Deny,
    Malformed,
}

#[cfg(feature = "conntrack")]
fn egress_ct_decision(
    net_ns_id: u64,
    proto: Ipv4Proto,
    src_ip: Ipv4Addr,
    dst_ip: Ipv4Addr,
    src_port: Option<u16>,
    dst_port: Option<u16>,
    egress_class: PreparedEgressClass,
) -> Option<crate::conntrack::CtDecision> {
    use crate::conntrack::{conntrack_table, CtDecision, FlowKey};

    let proto_u8 = match proto {
        Ipv4Proto::Tcp => 6u8,
        Ipv4Proto::Udp => 17u8,
        Ipv4Proto::Icmp => 1u8,
        _ => 0u8,
    };
    let (key, _) = FlowKey::from_packet(
        net_ns_id,
        proto_u8,
        src_ip,
        dst_ip,
        src_port.unwrap_or(0),
        dst_port.unwrap_or(0),
    );
    let entry = conntrack_table().lookup(&key);

    match egress_class {
        PreparedEgressClass::IngressReply => Some(match entry {
            Some(_) => CtDecision::Established,
            None => CtDecision::Related,
        }),
        PreparedEgressClass::DeferredOutbound => entry.map(|entry| {
            if entry.seen_reply {
                CtDecision::Established
            } else {
                CtDecision::New
            }
        }),
    }
}

/// R163-7 FIX: Evaluate a prepared frame against the egress firewall.
///
/// Parses the complete Ethernet+IPv4 frame, extracts protocol/port information,
/// and evaluates the egress firewall rules for the given namespace. Returns
/// Returns a typed decision so prepared-reply callers can distinguish a
/// malformed generated frame from a valid frame denied by policy.
///
/// ARP frames (non-IPv4) are always allowed because ARP has no IP-level firewall
/// semantics. Malformed kernel-generated frames fail closed.
#[cfg(feature = "conntrack")]
fn egress_firewall_allows_prepared(
    frame: &[u8],
    net_ns_id: u64,
    now_ms: u64,
    egress_class: PreparedEgressClass,
) -> EgressFirewallDecision {
    // Parse Ethernet header; non-IPv4 frames (ARP, etc.) are passed through.
    let (eth_hdr, ip_payload) = match parse_ethernet(frame) {
        Ok(r) => r,
        Err(_) => return EgressFirewallDecision::Malformed,
    };
    if eth_hdr.ethertype != ETHERTYPE_IPV4 {
        return EgressFirewallDecision::Allow;
    }

    // Parse IPv4 header.
    let (ip_hdr, _opts, l4_bytes) = match parse_ipv4(ip_payload) {
        Ok(r) => r,
        Err(_) => return EgressFirewallDecision::Malformed,
    };

    let proto = match ip_hdr.proto() {
        Some(p) => p,
        None => return EgressFirewallDecision::Malformed,
    };

    let transport = match validate_transport_payload(proto, l4_bytes) {
        Ok(transport) => transport,
        Err(_) => return EgressFirewallDecision::Malformed,
    };
    let (src_port, dst_port) = transport.ports();

    // R165-7 FIX: ingress replies must never be classified `New`; an unmatched
    // reply floors to Related so default policy can admit legitimate responses.
    // Parked outbound data is different: policy may have changed while ARP was
    // unresolved, so it retains the direct path's actual NEW/lookup result and
    // cannot inherit the reply-only Related floor.
    let ct_decision = egress_ct_decision(
        net_ns_id,
        proto,
        ip_hdr.src,
        ip_hdr.dst,
        src_port,
        dst_port,
        egress_class,
    );

    let fw_pkt = FirewallPacket {
        net_ns_id,
        src_ip: ip_hdr.src,
        dst_ip: ip_hdr.dst,
        proto,
        src_port,
        dst_port,
        ct_state: ct_decision,
    };

    let Some(fw_table) = try_firewall_table_for_ns(net_ns_id) else {
        return EgressFirewallDecision::Deny;
    };
    let fw_verdict = fw_table.evaluate(&fw_pkt);
    crate::firewall::log_match(&fw_verdict, &fw_pkt, now_ms);

    if matches!(fw_verdict.action, FirewallAction::Accept) {
        EgressFirewallDecision::Allow
    } else {
        EgressFirewallDecision::Deny
    }
}

/// R165-6 FIX: Evaluate STATELESS egress rules on prepared frames in
/// non-conntrack builds instead of bypassing the firewall entirely.
///
/// The previous non-conntrack variant returned `true` unconditionally, so a
/// stateless egress DROP/REJECT rule (src/dst IP, port, proto — all evaluable
/// without conntrack since `CtStateMask::matches(None)` is true for ANY-masked
/// rules) was enforced on the TX path (R164-7) but silently bypassed for every
/// locally-generated reply frame (ICMP echo replies, TCP RSTs, REJECT responses).
/// This mirrors the conntrack variant's parse+evaluate path with `ct_state: None`,
/// closing the asymmetric-enforcement gap; parked outbound data takes the same
/// stateless path because no conntrack classification exists in this build.
///
/// Non-IPv4 (ARP, etc.) passes through; malformed generated frames fail closed, matching
/// the conntrack variant's behavior for kernel-generated replies.
#[cfg(not(feature = "conntrack"))]
fn egress_firewall_allows_prepared(
    frame: &[u8],
    net_ns_id: u64,
    now_ms: u64,
    _egress_class: PreparedEgressClass,
) -> EgressFirewallDecision {
    let (eth_hdr, ip_payload) = match parse_ethernet(frame) {
        Ok(r) => r,
        Err(_) => return EgressFirewallDecision::Malformed,
    };
    if eth_hdr.ethertype != ETHERTYPE_IPV4 {
        return EgressFirewallDecision::Allow;
    }

    let (ip_hdr, _opts, l4_bytes) = match parse_ipv4(ip_payload) {
        Ok(r) => r,
        Err(_) => return EgressFirewallDecision::Malformed,
    };

    let proto = match ip_hdr.proto() {
        Some(p) => p,
        None => return EgressFirewallDecision::Malformed,
    };

    let transport = match validate_transport_payload(proto, l4_bytes) {
        Ok(transport) => transport,
        Err(_) => return EgressFirewallDecision::Malformed,
    };
    let (src_port, dst_port) = transport.ports();

    // No conntrack: only stateless rules can match (ct_state = None).
    let fw_pkt = FirewallPacket {
        net_ns_id,
        src_ip: ip_hdr.src,
        dst_ip: ip_hdr.dst,
        proto,
        src_port,
        dst_port,
        ct_state: None,
    };

    let Some(fw_table) = try_firewall_table_for_ns(net_ns_id) else {
        return EgressFirewallDecision::Deny;
    };
    let fw_verdict = fw_table.evaluate(&fw_pkt);
    crate::firewall::log_match(&fw_verdict, &fw_pkt, now_ms);

    if matches!(fw_verdict.action, FirewallAction::Accept) {
        EgressFirewallDecision::Allow
    } else {
        EgressFirewallDecision::Deny
    }
}

/// Process an IPv4 packet.
///
/// # R90-2 FIX
///
/// Network namespace ID is threaded to UDP/TCP handlers for proper socket delivery.
fn process_ipv4(
    packet: &[u8],
    eth_hdr: &EthHeader,
    our_mac: EthAddr,
    our_ip: Ipv4Addr,
    stats: &NetStats,
    net_ns_id: NamespaceId,
    now_ms: u64,
) -> ProcessResult {
    stats.inc_ipv4_rx();

    // Parse and validate IPv4 header first
    let (ip_hdr, _options, payload) = match parse_ipv4(packet) {
        Ok(result) => result,
        Err(e) => {
            stats.inc_rx_errors();
            return ProcessResult::Dropped(DropReason::Ipv4Error(e));
        }
    };

    // Check if packet is destined for us (unicast only for responses)
    // Security: We accept broadcast for informational purposes but will NOT
    // generate responses to broadcast destinations (Smurf attack prevention)
    let is_broadcast_dst = ip_hdr.dst.is_broadcast();
    if ip_hdr.dst != our_ip && !is_broadcast_dst {
        // Not for us, silently drop (no error)
        return ProcessResult::Handled;
    }

    // Fragment handling with secure reassembly
    // R48-6 + R60: Process fragments through reassembly cache with anti-DoS limits
    let final_payload = if ip_hdr.is_fragment() {
        stats.inc_fragments_rx();
        // R140-4 FIX: Pass net_ns_id to isolate fragment reassembly per namespace.
        match reassemble_fragment(net_ns_id.raw(), &ip_hdr, payload, now_ms) {
            Ok(Some(reassembled)) => {
                // Reassembly complete - use the reassembled payload
                stats.inc_fragments_reassembled();
                reassembled
            }
            Ok(None) => {
                // More fragments needed - handled, no response
                return ProcessResult::Handled;
            }
            Err(reason) => {
                // Fragment dropped due to security limit or error
                stats.inc_fragments_dropped();
                return ProcessResult::Dropped(DropReason::FragmentError(reason));
            }
        }
    } else {
        // RF180-41 FIX: any owned RX payload participates in the aggregate
        // socket-payload ledger for its complete lifetime.
        match WirePacket::try_copy_from_slice(payload) {
            Ok(packet) => packet,
            Err(_) => {
                stats.inc_rx_errors();
                return ProcessResult::Dropped(DropReason::EthParseError);
            }
        }
    };

    // Route to protocol handler
    match ip_hdr.proto() {
        Some(Ipv4Proto::Icmp) => {
            // Pass broadcast flag to ICMP handler for response suppression
            process_icmp(
                &final_payload,
                &ip_hdr,
                eth_hdr,
                our_mac,
                our_ip,
                stats,
                net_ns_id,
                now_ms,
                is_broadcast_dst,
            )
        }
        Some(Ipv4Proto::Udp) => {
            // Process UDP packet
            process_udp(
                &final_payload,
                &ip_hdr,
                eth_hdr,
                stats,
                is_broadcast_dst,
                net_ns_id,
                now_ms,
            )
        }
        Some(Ipv4Proto::Tcp) => {
            // Process TCP packet
            process_tcp(
                &final_payload,
                &ip_hdr,
                eth_hdr,
                stats,
                is_broadcast_dst,
                net_ns_id,
                now_ms,
            )
        }
        None => {
            stats.inc_unsupported_proto();
            ProcessResult::Dropped(DropReason::UnsupportedProtocol)
        }
    }
}

/// Process a UDP datagram.
///
/// # Security
///
/// - Does NOT process datagrams sent to broadcast/multicast addresses
///   (prevents amplification attacks)
/// - Validates checksum strictly (zero checksums rejected)
/// - Validates length fields
/// - Delivers to bound sockets via socket_table()
///
/// # R90-2 FIX
///
/// Uses the provided network namespace ID from the receiving device
/// instead of hardcoded ROOT_NET_NS_ID, ensuring proper namespace isolation.
fn process_udp(
    payload: &[u8],
    ip_hdr: &Ipv4Header,
    eth_hdr: &EthHeader,
    stats: &NetStats,
    is_broadcast_dst: bool,
    net_ns_id: NamespaceId,
    now_ms: u64,
) -> ProcessResult {
    stats.udp_stats.inc_rx_packets();

    // Security: Reject UDP to broadcast/multicast destinations
    // This prevents amplification attacks
    if is_broadcast_dst || ip_hdr.dst.is_multicast() {
        stats.udp_stats.inc_rx_errors();
        return ProcessResult::Dropped(DropReason::UdpError(UdpError::BroadcastDest));
    }

    // Parse and validate UDP datagram
    let (header, data) = match parse_udp(payload, ip_hdr.src, ip_hdr.dst) {
        Ok(result) => result,
        Err(e) => {
            match e {
                UdpError::ChecksumInvalid | UdpError::ZeroChecksum => {
                    stats.udp_stats.inc_checksum_errors();
                }
                _ => {
                    stats.udp_stats.inc_rx_errors();
                }
            }
            return ProcessResult::Dropped(DropReason::UdpError(e));
        }
    };

    // Record bytes received
    stats.udp_stats.add_rx_bytes(data.len() as u64);

    // Conntrack: Update connection tracking state (used by firewall)
    #[cfg(feature = "conntrack")]
    let ct_result = {
        use crate::conntrack::ct_process_udp;
        Some(ct_process_udp(
            // R107-2 FIX: Include network namespace in conntrack key.
            net_ns_id.0,
            ip_hdr.src,
            ip_hdr.dst,
            header.src_port,
            header.dst_port,
            payload.len(),
            now_ms,
        ))
    };
    #[cfg(not(feature = "conntrack"))]
    let ct_result: Option<crate::conntrack::CtUpdateResult> = None;

    // RF178-7 FIX: Resource failure is an ingress hard drop, not merely an
    // INVALID state that a broader firewall ACCEPT rule could override.
    if ct_result
        .as_ref()
        .map(|result| result.resource_exhausted)
        .unwrap_or(false)
    {
        return ProcessResult::Dropped(DropReason::ConntrackExhausted);
    }

    // R121-1 FIX: Evaluate packet against per-namespace firewall rule table.
    let fw_packet = FirewallPacket {
        net_ns_id: net_ns_id.0,
        src_ip: ip_hdr.src,
        dst_ip: ip_hdr.dst,
        proto: Ipv4Proto::Udp,
        src_port: Some(header.src_port),
        dst_port: Some(header.dst_port),
        ct_state: ct_result.as_ref().map(|r| r.decision),
    };
    let Some(fw_table) = try_firewall_table_for_ns(net_ns_id.0) else {
        return ProcessResult::Dropped(DropReason::Firewall {
            rule_id: None,
            rejected: false,
        });
    };
    let fw_verdict = fw_table.evaluate(&fw_packet);
    if let Some(result) =
        apply_firewall_verdict(&fw_verdict, &fw_packet, ip_hdr, eth_hdr, payload, now_ms)
    {
        return result;
    }

    // Deliver to socket layer
    // R90-2 FIX: Use namespace ID from receiving device instead of hardcoded root
    if socket_table().deliver_udp(
        net_ns_id,
        header.dst_port,
        ip_hdr.src,
        header.src_port,
        data,
        now_ms,
    ) {
        return ProcessResult::Handled;
    }

    // No listener - silently drop to avoid port scanning feedback
    // Note: We could send ICMP Port Unreachable, but that requires:
    // 1. Rate limiting (to prevent reflection attacks)
    // 2. Building the ICMP response
    // For now, silent drop is the safer default
    stats.udp_stats.inc_no_listener();
    ProcessResult::Handled
}

/// Process an ICMP packet.
///
/// # Security
///
/// - Does NOT respond to echo requests sent to broadcast/multicast IP addresses
///   (Smurf attack prevention per RFC 1122 section 3.2.2.6)
/// - Rate limits all ICMP responses
fn process_icmp(
    packet: &[u8],
    ip_hdr: &Ipv4Header,
    eth_hdr: &EthHeader,
    our_mac: EthAddr,
    our_ip: Ipv4Addr,
    stats: &NetStats,
    // R107-2 FIX: ICMP conntrack must be namespace-isolated.
    net_ns_id: NamespaceId,
    now_ms: u64,
    is_broadcast_dst: bool,
) -> ProcessResult {
    stats.inc_icmp_rx();

    // Parse ICMP header
    let (icmp_hdr, _payload) = match parse_icmp(packet) {
        Ok(result) => result,
        Err(e) => {
            stats.inc_rx_errors();
            return ProcessResult::Dropped(DropReason::IcmpError(e));
        }
    };

    // R64-2 FIX: Add firewall evaluation for ICMP traffic
    // ICMP uses conntrack for RELATED state (e.g., ICMP errors for tracked connections)
    #[cfg(feature = "conntrack")]
    let ct_result = {
        use crate::conntrack::ct_process_icmp;
        Some(ct_process_icmp(
            // R107-2 FIX: Include network namespace in conntrack key.
            net_ns_id.0,
            ip_hdr.src,
            ip_hdr.dst,
            icmp_hdr.icmp_type,
            icmp_hdr.code,
            if icmp_hdr.is_echo_request() || icmp_hdr.is_echo_reply() {
                icmp_hdr.echo_id()
            } else {
                0
            },
            packet.len(),
            now_ms,
        ))
    };
    #[cfg(not(feature = "conntrack"))]
    let ct_result: Option<crate::conntrack::CtUpdateResult> = None;

    // RF178-7 FIX: Conntrack admission failure is fail-closed before firewall.
    if ct_result
        .as_ref()
        .map(|result| result.resource_exhausted)
        .unwrap_or(false)
    {
        return ProcessResult::Dropped(DropReason::ConntrackExhausted);
    }

    // R121-1 FIX: Evaluate ICMP packet against per-namespace firewall rule table.
    let fw_packet = FirewallPacket {
        net_ns_id: net_ns_id.0,
        src_ip: ip_hdr.src,
        dst_ip: ip_hdr.dst,
        proto: Ipv4Proto::Icmp,
        src_port: None, // ICMP has no ports
        dst_port: None,
        ct_state: ct_result.as_ref().map(|r| r.decision),
    };
    let Some(fw_table) = try_firewall_table_for_ns(net_ns_id.0) else {
        return ProcessResult::Dropped(DropReason::Firewall {
            rule_id: None,
            rejected: false,
        });
    };
    let fw_verdict = fw_table.evaluate(&fw_packet);
    if let Some(result) =
        apply_firewall_verdict(&fw_verdict, &fw_packet, ip_hdr, eth_hdr, packet, now_ms)
    {
        return result;
    }

    // Handle echo request (ping)
    if icmp_hdr.icmp_type == ICMP_TYPE_ECHO_REQUEST {
        stats.inc_icmp_echo_rx();

        // SECURITY: Never respond to echo requests sent to broadcast/multicast
        // This prevents Smurf attacks (RFC 1122 section 3.2.2.6)
        if is_broadcast_dst {
            return ProcessResult::Handled;
        }

        // Also check if destination MAC was broadcast (belt and suspenders)
        if eth_hdr.dst.is_broadcast() || eth_hdr.dst.is_multicast() {
            return ProcessResult::Handled;
        }

        // Rate limit ICMP responses
        if !ICMP_RATE_LIMITER.allow(now_ms) {
            stats.inc_rate_limited();
            return ProcessResult::Dropped(DropReason::RateLimited);
        }

        if !icmp_control_allowed(
            lsm::NetControlOp::IcmpEchoReply,
            our_ip,
            ip_hdr.src,
            ICMP_TYPE_ECHO_REPLY,
            0,
        ) {
            return ProcessResult::Dropped(DropReason::PolicyDenied);
        }

        // Build ICMP echo reply
        let icmp_reply = match build_echo_reply(packet) {
            Ok(reply) => reply,
            Err(e) => {
                stats.inc_rx_errors();
                return ProcessResult::Dropped(DropReason::IcmpError(e));
            }
        };

        // Build IPv4 header (swap src/dst)
        let ip_reply = build_ipv4_header(
            our_ip,     // Our IP as source
            ip_hdr.src, // Original source as destination
            Ipv4Proto::Icmp,
            icmp_reply.len() as u16,
            64, // Default TTL
        );

        // RF180-41 FIX: construct the final frame in one admitted allocation;
        // do not retain a second heap-backed IPv4 concatenation concurrently.
        let frame = build_ethernet_frame_from_parts(
            eth_hdr.src,
            our_mac,
            ETHERTYPE_IPV4,
            &[&ip_reply, &icmp_reply],
        );
        if frame.is_empty() {
            return ProcessResult::Dropped(DropReason::EthParseError);
        }

        // R165-7 FIX: Removed the R159-14 outbound echo-reply conntrack seeding.
        // It created a SEPARATE flow (echo-reply pseudo-port 0x000) that never
        // matched the request flow (0x800) and always carried seen_reply=false,
        // so the egress reply firewall still saw it as `New`. The reply path now
        // floors kernel-generated replies to Related/Established in
        // egress_firewall_allows_prepared, which is what actually lets the default
        // ESTABLISHED/RELATED accept rule pass legitimate ping replies. Seeding a
        // bogus half-open flow served no purpose and only polluted the table.

        return ProcessResult::Reply(
            PreparedReply::new(frame).with_stat(PreparedReplyStat::IcmpEcho),
        );
    }

    // Other ICMP types are just handled (logged but no response)
    ProcessResult::Handled
}

/// Construct the complete TCP reply owner without another allocator request.
///
/// RF180-41 REVIEW FIX: every non-empty `WirePacket` carries admitted L2/L3
/// headroom. Stateful TCP code therefore allocates the segment and its final
/// encapsulation backing before committing handshake/retransmission state;
/// this helper only fills that already-owned prefix.
fn try_prepare_tcp_reply_frame(
    peer_mac: EthAddr,
    local_mac: EthAddr,
    peer_ip: Ipv4Addr,
    local_ip: Ipv4Addr,
    mut resp_seg: WirePacket,
) -> Option<WirePacket> {
    let ip_reply = build_ipv4_header(local_ip, peer_ip, Ipv4Proto::Tcp, resp_seg.len() as u16, 64);
    let eth_reply = EthHeader {
        dst: peer_mac,
        src: local_mac,
        ethertype: ETHERTYPE_IPV4,
    }
    .to_bytes();
    resp_seg
        .try_prepend_from_slices(&[&eth_reply, &ip_reply])
        .ok()?;
    Some(resp_seg)
}

/// Process a TCP segment.
///
/// # Security
///
/// - Does NOT process segments sent to broadcast/multicast addresses
///   (prevents amplification attacks)
/// - Validates checksum before processing
/// - Sends RST for unknown connections
///
/// # R90-2 FIX
///
/// Uses the provided network namespace ID from the receiving device
/// instead of hardcoded ROOT_NET_NS_ID, ensuring proper namespace isolation.
fn process_tcp(
    payload: &[u8],
    ip_hdr: &Ipv4Header,
    eth_hdr: &EthHeader,
    stats: &NetStats,
    is_broadcast_dst: bool,
    net_ns_id: NamespaceId,
    now_ms: u64,
) -> ProcessResult {
    // Security: ignore TCP to broadcast/multicast destinations
    if is_broadcast_dst || ip_hdr.dst.is_multicast() {
        stats.inc_unsupported_proto();
        return ProcessResult::Handled;
    }

    // Parse TCP header
    let tcp_hdr = match parse_tcp_header(payload) {
        Ok(h) => h,
        Err(e) => {
            stats.inc_rx_errors();
            return ProcessResult::Dropped(DropReason::TcpError(e));
        }
    };

    // Validate header length
    let hdr_len = tcp_hdr.header_len();
    if payload.len() < hdr_len || hdr_len < TCP_HEADER_MIN_LEN {
        stats.inc_rx_errors();
        return ProcessResult::Dropped(DropReason::TcpError(TcpError::Truncated));
    }

    // Verify checksum
    if !verify_tcp_checksum(ip_hdr.src, ip_hdr.dst, payload) {
        stats.inc_rx_errors();
        return ProcessResult::Dropped(DropReason::TcpError(TcpError::BadChecksum));
    }

    // Extract payload (data after TCP header)
    let tcp_payload = &payload[hdr_len..];

    // Conntrack: Update connection tracking state (used by firewall)
    #[cfg(feature = "conntrack")]
    let ct_result = {
        use crate::conntrack::ct_process_tcp;
        Some(ct_process_tcp(
            // R107-2 FIX: Include network namespace in conntrack key.
            net_ns_id.0,
            ip_hdr.src,
            ip_hdr.dst,
            tcp_hdr.src_port,
            tcp_hdr.dst_port,
            tcp_hdr.flags,
            tcp_payload.len(),
            now_ms,
        ))
    };
    #[cfg(not(feature = "conntrack"))]
    let ct_result: Option<crate::conntrack::CtUpdateResult> = None;

    // RF178-7 FIX: Conntrack admission failure is fail-closed before firewall.
    if ct_result
        .as_ref()
        .map(|result| result.resource_exhausted)
        .unwrap_or(false)
    {
        return ProcessResult::Dropped(DropReason::ConntrackExhausted);
    }

    // R121-1 FIX: Evaluate TCP packet against per-namespace firewall rule table.
    let fw_packet = FirewallPacket {
        net_ns_id: net_ns_id.0,
        src_ip: ip_hdr.src,
        dst_ip: ip_hdr.dst,
        proto: Ipv4Proto::Tcp,
        src_port: Some(tcp_hdr.src_port),
        dst_port: Some(tcp_hdr.dst_port),
        ct_state: ct_result.as_ref().map(|r| r.decision),
    };
    let Some(fw_table) = try_firewall_table_for_ns(net_ns_id.0) else {
        return ProcessResult::Dropped(DropReason::Firewall {
            rule_id: None,
            rejected: false,
        });
    };
    let fw_verdict = fw_table.evaluate(&fw_packet);
    if let Some(result) =
        apply_firewall_verdict(&fw_verdict, &fw_packet, ip_hdr, eth_hdr, payload, now_ms)
    {
        return result;
    }

    // R58: Parse TCP options for window scaling support
    // Use the full segment so parse_tcp_options can validate header_len
    let tcp_options = parse_tcp_options(payload, &tcp_hdr);

    // Delegate to socket layer for stateful TCP processing
    // R90-2 FIX: Use namespace ID from receiving device instead of hardcoded root
    let mut reply_binding = None;
    let mut ingress_handshake_committed = false;
    let response = socket_table().process_tcp_segment(
        net_ns_id,
        ip_hdr.src,
        ip_hdr.dst,
        &tcp_hdr,
        tcp_payload,
        &tcp_options,
        &mut reply_binding,
        &mut ingress_handshake_committed,
    );

    #[cfg(feature = "conntrack")]
    if ingress_handshake_committed {
        if !crate::conntrack::ct_commit_tcp_ingress_handshake(
            net_ns_id.0,
            ip_hdr.src,
            ip_hdr.dst,
            tcp_hdr.src_port,
            tcp_hdr.dst_port,
        ) {
            return ProcessResult::Dropped(DropReason::ConntrackInvalid);
        }
    }

    if let Some(resp_seg) = response {
        // RF180-41 FIX: compatibility TCP builders use an empty packet as the
        // admission-failure sentinel. Never encapsulate that sentinel as a
        // header-only malformed TCP response.
        if resp_seg.is_empty() {
            return ProcessResult::Handled;
        }
        // R157-10 FIX: the completing ACK advances SynRecv→Established.
        // R158-11 FIX: use parse_tcp_header instead of a fragile byte offset.
        let frame = match try_prepare_tcp_reply_frame(
            eth_hdr.src,
            eth_hdr.dst,
            ip_hdr.src,
            ip_hdr.dst,
            resp_seg,
        ) {
            Some(frame) => frame,
            None => return ProcessResult::Handled,
        };

        let mut reply = PreparedReply::new(frame);
        reply.bind_tcp(reply_binding);
        return ProcessResult::Reply(reply);
    }

    ProcessResult::Handled
}

// ============================================================================
// Outbound Transmission (TX path)
// ============================================================================

/// Default IP address for Zero-OS in QEMU user-mode networking.
const DEFAULT_OUR_IP: Ipv4Addr = Ipv4Addr([10, 0, 2, 15]);

/// Default gateway IP in QEMU user-mode networking.
const DEFAULT_GATEWAY_IP: Ipv4Addr = Ipv4Addr([10, 0, 2, 2]);

/// Default gateway MAC (QEMU's virtual router).
/// This is the standard MAC QEMU assigns to its SLIRP gateway.
const DEFAULT_GATEWAY_MAC: EthAddr = EthAddr([0x52, 0x54, 0x00, 0x12, 0x34, 0x56]);

/// D3 NETNS-CONFIG: default subnet prefix length for the root namespace's
/// addressing (QEMU SLIRP provisions 10.0.2.0/24).
const DEFAULT_SUBNET_PREFIX_LEN: u8 = 24;

/// Network configuration for TX path.
///
/// D3 NETNS-CONFIG: this global is the ROOT namespace's addressing
/// authority AND the pre-hook-registration fallback — one object, so the
/// two can never drift (the kernel_core `ns_net_config` hook DELEGATES ns 0
/// here instead of storing a root copy). Child namespaces never read it:
/// their addressing lives on `NetNamespace` and reaches the TX path through
/// the hook. A zero `our_mac` means "autodetect pending" (the lazy eth0
/// fill below retries at every snapshot) — a root-only state; child configs
/// reject zero MACs at the kernel_core setter, so for children the
/// zero-MAC/administratively-down ambiguity is unrepresentable.
#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
struct NetConfig {
    our_ip: Ipv4Addr,
    our_mac: EthAddr,
    gateway_ip: Ipv4Addr,
    gateway_mac: EthAddr,
    subnet_prefix_len: u8,
}

impl Default for NetConfig {
    fn default() -> Self {
        NetConfig {
            our_ip: DEFAULT_OUR_IP,
            our_mac: EthAddr::ZERO,
            gateway_ip: DEFAULT_GATEWAY_IP,
            gateway_mac: DEFAULT_GATEWAY_MAC,
            subnet_prefix_len: DEFAULT_SUBNET_PREFIX_LEN,
        }
    }
}

/// Public snapshot of network configuration.
///
/// D3 NETNS-CONFIG: also the per-namespace configuration VALUE — what a
/// child namespace stores and what `tx_net_config` returns for every
/// namespace. `Copy` by design: dataplane consumers hold an inert
/// by-value snapshot, never a reference into namespace state.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
pub struct NetConfigSnapshot {
    pub our_ip: Ipv4Addr,
    pub our_mac: EthAddr,
    pub gateway_ip: Ipv4Addr,
    pub gateway_mac: EthAddr,
    /// D3 NETNS-CONFIG: prefix length of the namespace's on-link subnet.
    /// Carried in the SAME atomic snapshot as the addresses (Codex
    /// round-9: the routing leg's on-link determination must never mix a
    /// prefix from one configuration generation with addresses from
    /// another). Consumed by `next_hop` (per-ns routing, PO-NET-01 §4.3
    /// Phase 3) for the on-link/off-link/host-part determination.
    pub subnet_prefix_len: u8,
}

/// Global network state for TX path.
struct NetState {
    config: Mutex<NetConfig>,
    arp: Mutex<ArpCache>,
}

static NET_STATE: Once<NetState> = Once::new();

#[inline]
fn net_state() -> &'static NetState {
    NET_STATE.call_once(|| NetState {
        config: Mutex::new(NetConfig::default()),
        arp: Mutex::new(ArpCache::with_defaults()),
    })
}

/// Resolve MAC address from network device if not yet set.
fn resolve_mac_from_device(cfg: &mut NetConfig) {
    if cfg.our_mac != EthAddr::ZERO {
        return;
    }
    // D1-ISO: metadata-only read — no transmit-capable handle egresses the registry.
    if let Some(mac) = crate::device_mac("eth0") {
        cfg.our_mac = EthAddr(mac);
    }
}

/// Get a snapshot of the current network configuration.
///
/// Lazily initializes our MAC address from the network device.
pub fn network_config() -> NetConfigSnapshot {
    let state = net_state();
    let mut cfg = state.config.lock();
    resolve_mac_from_device(&mut cfg);
    NetConfigSnapshot {
        our_ip: cfg.our_ip,
        our_mac: cfg.our_mac,
        gateway_ip: cfg.gateway_ip,
        gateway_mac: cfg.gateway_mac,
        subnet_prefix_len: cfg.subnet_prefix_len,
    }
}

/// D3 NETNS-CONFIG: Resolve the network configuration the TX path must use
/// for namespace `net_ns_id` — the namespace's OWN addressing, never another
/// namespace's (per-ns identity is the Phase 2 half of PO-NET-01 §4.3;
/// before this, every namespace transmitted with the root's IP/MAC and the
/// egress firewall evaluated a child's packet against the ROOT's source IP).
///
/// # Selection (fail-closed)
///
/// - Hooks registered: exactly the hook's answer. Root (ns 0) resolves to
///   the global config (the hook delegates — root has no second stored copy
///   to drift); a child resolves to its stored per-ns config.
/// - Hooks registered + `None` (unknown, destroyed, or alive-but-
///   unconfigured namespace — deliberately collapsed: all three mean "this
///   namespace has no usable network identity"):
///   `Err(TxError::LinkDown)` (ENETDOWN). The send must fail BEFORE
///   firewall/conntrack evaluation — evaluating policy against a borrowed
///   identity is the vulnerability class this leg closes.
/// - Hooks unregistered (early boot / host tests): root only, from the
///   global config; non-root ids fail closed at the access itself (no child
///   ns can exist in this window — same enforcement style as
///   `resolve_dst_mac`'s pre-registration arm).
///
/// # Contract for callers
///
/// Call ONCE per send and thread the returned snapshot through every
/// downstream consumer (conntrack key, firewall packet, L3 source, L2
/// source, ARP gateway seed) — the RF180-41 single-snapshot invariant.
/// Reconfiguration is NOT a quiescence barrier: a send that already
/// acquired its snapshot completes with the old identity (bounded by one
/// in-flight send, mirroring the move_device TX-revocation contract).
pub fn tx_net_config(net_ns_id: u64) -> Result<NetConfigSnapshot, TxError> {
    match crate::socket::netns_net_config(net_ns_id) {
        Some(cfg) => Ok(cfg),
        None if net_ns_id == 0 && !crate::socket::netns_device_hooks_registered() => {
            Ok(network_config())
        }
        None => Err(TxError::LinkDown),
    }
}

/// D3 NETNS-ROUTING: where a destination must be sent, decided from the
/// sending namespace's OWN configuration snapshot.
///
/// This is the per-namespace next-hop selection PO-NET-01 §4.3 Phase 3
/// item 8 requires. A mutable routing TABLE is deliberately NOT built yet:
/// with one egress interface and no veth/admin surface, exactly two routes
/// exist and both derive from the snapshot (connected = the configured
/// subnet, default = the configured gateway). The table becomes a real
/// structure when veth / multi-interface / route-admin land (recorded as
/// their prerequisite).
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum NextHop {
    /// Destination is this namespace itself (`dst == our_ip`, or 127/8).
    /// NOT deliverable yet — the TX-loopback leg owns delivery; until it
    /// lands the TX path fails these closed rather than leaking
    /// self-addressed frames to the gateway.
    Local,
    /// Destination is a neighbor on the configured subnet: the frame's L2
    /// destination is the neighbor itself (resolved from the namespace's
    /// ARP cache).
    OnLink,
    /// Destination is off-link: the frame's L2 destination is the
    /// configured gateway, ALWAYS — a cached mapping for an off-link IP
    /// must never override the routing decision.
    Gateway,
    /// Destination can never be a unicast egress target: unspecified,
    /// multicast, limited broadcast, the configured subnet's network /
    /// directed-broadcast address (for /1../30), or a malformed prefix
    /// (defensive: unreachable through validated configs). Fail-closed.
    Unroutable,
}

/// D3 NETNS-ROUTING: classify `dst` against namespace addressing `cfg`.
///
/// Pure and non-panicking for ANY input (public API contract): a prefix
/// outside 1..=32 classifies `Unroutable` (fail-closed) instead of
/// panicking on shift overflow — real snapshots are setter-validated, so
/// this arm is defensive only.
///
/// Special destinations are classified BEFORE subnet math so none of them
/// can ever become gateway-unicast traffic (Codex round-13): unspecified /
/// limited-broadcast / multicast → [`NextHop::Unroutable`]; `our_ip` /
/// loopback → [`NextHop::Local`]. On the configured subnet, the network
/// address (host part all-zeros) and directed broadcast (all-ones) are
/// `Unroutable` for /1../30; /31 (RFC 3021 — both values are hosts) and
/// /32 have no such special addresses. The configured gateway itself
/// classifies `OnLink` (it IS a neighbor; setter-validated on-subnet).
pub fn next_hop(dst: Ipv4Addr, cfg: &NetConfigSnapshot) -> NextHop {
    if dst.is_unspecified() || dst.is_broadcast() || dst.is_multicast() {
        return NextHop::Unroutable;
    }
    if dst == cfg.our_ip || dst.is_loopback() {
        return NextHop::Local;
    }
    let prefix = cfg.subnet_prefix_len;
    if prefix == 0 || prefix > 32 {
        // Defensive fail-closed arm — unreachable through setter-validated
        // snapshots. Deliberately NO debug_assert: this is a public
        // non-panicking API on ANY input, debug kernels included (Codex
        // round-14).
        return NextHop::Unroutable;
    }
    // Prefix is 1..=32, so the shift is 0..=31 — never undefined.
    let mask: u32 = u32::MAX << (32 - u32::from(prefix));
    let our = u32::from_be_bytes(cfg.our_ip.octets());
    let d = u32::from_be_bytes(dst.octets());
    if (our ^ d) & mask != 0 {
        // Off-link: a host forwards to its gateway; any farther-subnet
        // special addresses are the routers' problem, not ours.
        return NextHop::Gateway;
    }
    if prefix <= 30 {
        let host = d & !mask;
        if host == 0 || host == !mask {
            // The subnet's network address / directed broadcast — never a
            // unicast egress target.
            return NextHop::Unroutable;
        }
    }
    NextHop::OnLink
}

/// D3 ARP-PROBE: an ADMITTED probe intent — the on-link target plus the
/// sender identity COPIED from the data packet's own config snapshot.
/// Emission never re-acquires configuration: the probe stays bound to the
/// exact identity whose data frame motivated it (round-20 — a re-acquired
/// snapshot could name a different post-reconfiguration identity than that
/// frame; `prepare_arp_probe` re-acquires and remains the external/test
/// seam). D3 PENDING-FRAME v2: intents are built at the PARK site (after
/// the ownership pre-gate) and by the pending sweep's interval re-probes —
/// never at resolution.
struct ProbeIntent {
    our_mac: EthAddr,
    our_ip: Ipv4Addr,
    target_ip: Ipv4Addr,
    net_ns_id: u64,
}

/// D3 PENDING-FRAME v2: the resolver's routing outcome. An on-link miss is
/// CONTROL FLOW, not an error and no longer a gateway fallback: the TX path
/// parks the data frame and probes; the pub [`resolve_dst_mac`] seam maps it
/// to [`TxError::NeighborUnresolved`].
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
enum ResolvedDst {
    /// A deliverable L2 destination (neighbor entry, or the configured
    /// gateway for off-link routes).
    Mac(EthAddr),
    /// On-link destination with no neighbor entry in a LIVE per-ns cache —
    /// park-and-probe territory.
    OnLinkMiss,
}

/// Resolve the L2 destination for `dst_ip` in namespace `net_ns_id`.
///
/// D3 NETNS-ROUTING: routing-aware. The [`next_hop`] decision (computed
/// from the caller's OWN snapshot) governs:
///
/// - `Local` / `Unroutable` → `Err(TxError::Unreachable)` — fail-closed
///   BEFORE any cache access; a self-addressed, loopback, multicast,
///   broadcast, or subnet-special destination must never egress as
///   gateway-unicast (`Local` becomes deliverable when the TX-loopback
///   leg lands).
/// - `Gateway` (off-link) → the configured gateway MAC, ALWAYS. The dst
///   cache lookup is deliberately SKIPPED: a cached mapping for an
///   off-link IP (plantable by a spoofed reply addressed to us) must not
///   override the routing decision.
/// - `OnLink` → the neighbor's cached MAC. D3 PENDING-FRAME v2: a miss is
///   `Err(TxError::NeighborUnresolved)` (EHOSTUNREACH) at this seam — the
///   metered temporary gateway fallback is RETIRED. The TX path does not
///   take this error: it parks the data frame post-ownership-gate and
///   probes; the frame retransmits when the neighbor is learned (see
///   [`drain_parked_ready`]) and drops on expiry.
///
/// # Cache selection (fail-closed)
///
/// - Hooks registered + live namespace: that namespace's own cache.
/// - Hooks registered + unknown/destroyed namespace: NO cache is read or
///   written. Off-link still resolves to the snapshot gateway (the TX
///   ownership gate downstream denies the transmit); an on-link miss is
///   `Err(TxError::LinkDown)` (the unknown/destroyed-namespace convention,
///   matching `tx_net_config`) — v2 also closes the sliver where such a
///   frame could egress bearing the gateway MAC.
/// - Hooks unregistered (early boot / host tests): the global cache, for
///   the ROOT namespace only — enforced at the access itself. An on-link
///   miss here is `Err(TxError::NeighborUnresolved)`: no drain choke point
///   exists pre-registration, so parking would strand frames.
///
/// # Lock context
///
/// Takes exactly one ARP-cache mutex (leaf). The namespace hook itself
/// holds no lock across its return (see `NetNsDeviceHooks::ns_arp_cache`),
/// and send paths hold their per-socket locks only while the sending
/// process pins the namespace, so the hook's internal namespace-handle drop
/// never runs teardown here.
///
/// # Visibility
///
/// `pub` as the runtime tests' real-seam observable (Codex round-13: the
/// routing proof must exercise the ACTUAL resolution path, and frame bytes
/// stay unobservable until TX-loopback). Capability-safe: this resolves
/// addressing only — no transmit authority egresses (that is
/// `tx_auth::AuthorizedTxDevice`). Side effects: seeds the namespace's
/// static gateway entry — NEVER probe or pending-queue state (those belong
/// to the TX path's post-gate park site).
pub fn resolve_dst_mac(
    dst_ip: Ipv4Addr,
    cfg: &NetConfigSnapshot,
    net_ns_id: u64,
) -> Result<EthAddr, TxError> {
    match resolve_dst_mac_inner(dst_ip, cfg, net_ns_id)? {
        ResolvedDst::Mac(mac) => Ok(mac),
        ResolvedDst::OnLinkMiss => Err(TxError::NeighborUnresolved),
    }
}

/// D3 PENDING-FRAME v2: the full resolver — [`resolve_dst_mac`] semantics
/// with the on-link miss surfaced as CONTROL FLOW ([`ResolvedDst`]) for the
/// TX path's park-and-probe arm. Probe admission no longer happens here:
/// it moved behind the TX ownership gate (the v1 round-27 F3 residual —
/// an ownership-denied send must not draw even its own cache's claims).
fn resolve_dst_mac_inner(
    dst_ip: Ipv4Addr,
    cfg: &NetConfigSnapshot,
    net_ns_id: u64,
) -> Result<ResolvedDst, TxError> {
    let hop = match next_hop(dst_ip, cfg) {
        NextHop::Local | NextHop::Unroutable => return Err(TxError::Unreachable),
        routable => routable,
    };

    // R162-20 FIX: Use actual kernel time for ARP cache TTL checks.
    // Previously hardcoded to 0, causing dynamic entries to never expire.
    let now_ms = crate::socket::socket_wait_hooks_get_ticks().unwrap_or(0);

    match crate::socket::netns_arp_cache(net_ns_id) {
        Some(cache) => {
            let mut cache = cache.lock();

            // Ensure gateway is always in cache. D3 NETNS-CONFIG:
            // authoritative seed — the caller's config snapshot outranks
            // the cache, healing a stale post-reconfiguration gateway
            // entry (see ArpCache::seed_static_gateway).
            let _ = cache.seed_static_gateway(cfg.gateway_ip, cfg.gateway_mac, now_ms);

            if hop == NextHop::OnLink {
                if let Some(mac) = cache.lookup(dst_ip, now_ms) {
                    return Ok(ResolvedDst::Mac(mac));
                }
                // v2: no fallback, no metering, no probe claims — the TX
                // path parks post-gate; the pub seam maps this to
                // NeighborUnresolved.
                return Ok(ResolvedDst::OnLinkMiss);
            }
        }
        None if net_ns_id == 0 && !crate::socket::netns_device_hooks_registered() => {
            // Pre-registration window (early boot / host tests): only the
            // root namespace may touch the global cache, ENFORCED here (not
            // just implied by "no child ns exists pre-registration" / "the
            // TX gate admits only root when unregistered" — Codex review
            // finding: the root-only claim must hold at the cache access
            // itself). Non-root ids in this window fall through to the
            // cache-free arm below.
            let state = net_state();
            let mut cache = state.arp.lock();

            // Ensure gateway is always in cache. D3 NETNS-CONFIG:
            // authoritative seed — the caller's config snapshot outranks
            // the cache, healing a stale post-reconfiguration gateway
            // entry (see ArpCache::seed_static_gateway).
            let _ = cache.seed_static_gateway(cfg.gateway_ip, cfg.gateway_mac, now_ms);

            if hop == NextHop::OnLink {
                if let Some(mac) = cache.lookup(dst_ip, now_ms) {
                    return Ok(ResolvedDst::Mac(mac));
                }
                // Pre-registration parking would STRAND frames (the drain
                // choke point does not exist yet) — fail closed instead.
                return Err(TxError::NeighborUnresolved);
            }
        }
        None => {
            // Namespace unknown/destroyed (hooks registered), or a non-root
            // id in the pre-registration window: fail-closed — touch no
            // shared cache. Off-link falls through to the snapshot gateway
            // (the TX ownership gate downstream denies the transmit); an
            // on-link miss fails HERE — v2 retired the sliver where a
            // dead-namespace frame could leave carrying the gateway MAC.
            if hop == NextHop::OnLink {
                return Err(TxError::LinkDown);
            }
        }
    }

    // Off-link destinations resolve through the configured gateway.
    Ok(ResolvedDst::Mac(cfg.gateway_mac))
}

/// D1-ISO-NETNS-DATAPLANE: `tx_auth` owns the ONLY path to the driver `transmit`.
/// A transmit-capable `NetDeviceHandle` no longer egresses the `net` registry
/// (its accessor is `pub(crate)` + sole-caller-pinned); the sole way to reach
/// `NetDevice::transmit` is `AuthorizedTxDevice`, minted only by the namespace-
/// gated resolver below. This turns the TX device-ownership gate from convention
/// (a resolver a new call site could forget) into a type-enforced capability:
/// adding a new physical-TX site is impossible without obtaining a token, and a
/// token is impossible to obtain without the ownership check.
///
/// Fail-closed contract (Safety > Efficiency > Speed):
/// - the handle + its stable registry index come from ONE registry critical
///   section, so ownership binds to the SAME device object the token transmits on;
/// - a namespace that does not own the device gets `TxError::FirewallDenied`
///   (EPERM) — a CLONE_NEWNET child starts with NO devices;
/// - an unregistered hook (early boot / host tests) admits only the root ns.
///
/// Scope of the type barrier: OUT-OF-CRATE bypass is impossible by construction
/// (no transmit-capable handle egresses the `net` crate). In-crate, the raw
/// registry lookup (`get_device_with_index`) is a one-caller audited TCB
/// (contract pinned in lib.rs), not a type barrier.
mod tx_auth {
    use super::TxError;
    use crate::{NetBuf, NetDeviceHandle};

    /// A single-use capability authorizing exactly one driver enqueue on the device
    /// whose ownership `resolve_authorized_tx_device` verified. Deliberately NOT
    /// Clone/Copy/Default and exposes no accessor returning the raw handle — so a
    /// transmit-capable handle can be neither forged nor duplicated, and every
    /// physical-TX site must route through this type.
    pub(super) struct AuthorizedTxDevice {
        dev: NetDeviceHandle,
    }

    impl AuthorizedTxDevice {
        /// Consume the token and enqueue `buf` on the authorized device — the SOLE
        /// `NetDevice::transmit` call in the tree. Takes ONLY the per-device spin
        /// Mutex (no registry/namespace lock), so it is safe inside conntrack egress
        /// closures (RF180-41 context: no conntrack lock is held across the device
        /// callback) and adds no allocation. Dropping an UNCONSUMED token is safe
        /// (authorized-but-unsent); the registry keeps a strong ref to every
        /// registered device for the kernel's lifetime (no unregister API), so
        /// dropping the token's Arc clone never runs a device destructor — re-audit
        /// destructor timing if hot-unregister is ever added.
        ///
        /// D1-ISO revocation contract (safe-scope): authority is granted at MINT
        /// time; a later `remove_device`/`move_device` is NOT synchronous with an
        /// already-minted token (in-flight window = this one enqueue). No concurrent
        /// production mutator exists today: `move_device` is CAP-gated and unwired
        /// to any syscall, and the only runtime add/remove_device callers are the
        /// single-threaded boot-time runtime tests. A sink re-check here (to honor
        /// in-kernel reassignment landing after mint) is deferred to Phase I.3
        /// (NETNS-DATAPLANE-CONFIG) and requires an ownership-generation / token-
        /// pinning design: a naive re-check would upgrade a `NET_NS_BY_ID` Weak
        /// whose last-ref drop could run `NetNamespace::Drop` teardown under the
        /// per-socket `operation` spinlock the TCP reply sinks hold — so the safe
        /// closure is: check at mint, carry the verified handle, no namespace lock
        /// at the sink.
        pub(super) fn transmit(self, buf: NetBuf) -> Result<(), (TxError, NetBuf)> {
            let mut device = self.dev.lock();
            device.transmit(buf)
        }
    }

    /// Resolve the egress device for `net_ns_id`, fail-closed, minting a token only
    /// when the namespace owns the device.
    pub(super) fn resolve_authorized_tx_device(
        net_ns_id: u64,
    ) -> Result<AuthorizedTxDevice, TxError> {
        let (dev, index) = match crate::get_device_with_index("eth0") {
            Some(pair) => pair,
            None => return Err(TxError::LinkDown),
        };
        // Checked narrowing: a theoretical > u32::MAX index must deny, never alias
        // another device's index (fail-closed).
        let index = match u32::try_from(index) {
            Ok(index) => index,
            Err(_) => return Err(TxError::FirewallDenied),
        };
        if !crate::socket::netns_owns_device(net_ns_id, index) {
            return Err(TxError::FirewallDenied);
        }
        Ok(AuthorizedTxDevice { dev })
    }
}
use tx_auth::resolve_authorized_tx_device;

/// Build complete Ethernet frame and transmit via network device.
/// R162-7-2 FIX: Added net_ns_id for per-namespace egress firewall evaluation.
fn build_frame_and_transmit(
    proto: Ipv4Proto,
    dst_ip: Ipv4Addr,
    payload: &[u8],
    net_ns_id: u64,
    tcp_binding: Option<TcpReplyBinding>,
) -> Result<(), TxError> {
    if payload.is_empty() || payload.len() > DEFAULT_MTU {
        return Err(TxError::InvalidBuffer);
    }

    // RF180-51 FIX: validate the complete transport header before consulting
    // policy. Otherwise a malformed non-empty packet can be misclassified as a
    // firewall denial, hiding InvalidBuffer behind EPERM and polluting policy
    // statistics with input that never formed a valid packet.
    let transport =
        validate_transport_payload(proto, payload).map_err(|_| TxError::InvalidBuffer)?;

    // R164-7 FIX: Evaluate egress firewall for ALL builds, not only conntrack.
    // The stateless firewall (src/dst IP, ports, protocol) is evaluated
    // unconditionally. Conntrack-aware ct_state is only available when the
    // conntrack feature is enabled; without it, ct_state is None and
    // stateful rules won't match, but stateless DROP/REJECT rules still fire.
    let (src_port, dst_port) = transport.ports();
    // D3 NETNS-CONFIG: acquire the sending namespace's OWN addressing —
    // fail-closed LinkDown before ANY policy runs if it has none.
    // Previously this read the global (root) config for every namespace,
    // so a child's packet was firewall/conntrack-evaluated against the
    // ROOT's source IP. One acquisition; the snapshot rules every
    // downstream consumer (RF180-41).
    let cfg_pre = tx_net_config(net_ns_id)?;

    // U13-1 FIX: resolve and mint the device-ownership token before any
    // namespace-specific policy, ARP probing, frame construction, or DMA
    // allocation.  A namespace that cannot transmit must consume no
    // allocator/cache resources on a denied path.  The token is retained for
    // the complete send and is the same device object used by the final
    // transmit closure, eliminating a check/use gap.
    let dev = resolve_authorized_tx_device(net_ns_id)?;

    // Conntrack-aware ct_state lookup (only with conntrack feature). Keep this
    // coupled to prepared-frame rechecks through one classifier.
    #[cfg(feature = "conntrack")]
    let ct_decision = egress_ct_decision(
        net_ns_id,
        proto,
        cfg_pre.our_ip,
        dst_ip,
        src_port,
        dst_port,
        PreparedEgressClass::DeferredOutbound,
    );
    #[cfg(not(feature = "conntrack"))]
    let ct_decision: Option<crate::conntrack::CtDecision> = None;

    let fw_pkt = FirewallPacket {
        net_ns_id,
        src_ip: cfg_pre.our_ip,
        dst_ip,
        proto,
        src_port,
        dst_port,
        ct_state: ct_decision,
    };
    let Some(fw_table) = try_firewall_table_for_ns(net_ns_id) else {
        return Err(TxError::FirewallDenied);
    };
    let fw_verdict = fw_table.evaluate(&fw_pkt);
    if matches!(
        fw_verdict.action,
        FirewallAction::Drop | FirewallAction::Reject { .. }
    ) {
        // RF180-51 FIX: policy denial is not malformed packet data. Preserve
        // default-deny while giving syscall callers a distinct fail-closed
        // result after their L4 header has parsed successfully.
        return Err(TxError::FirewallDenied);
    }

    // RF180-41 REVIEW FIX: one immutable snapshot binds firewall metadata,
    // conntrack metadata, source addressing, and L2 encapsulation. A second
    // snapshot here could otherwise queue a frame for a different local IP/MAC
    // than the tuple whose policy and conntrack transition were authorized.
    let cfg = cfg_pre;
    if cfg.our_mac == EthAddr::ZERO {
        // No network device available
        return Err(TxError::LinkDown);
    }

    // D3-NETNS-DATAPLANE: Pass net_ns_id to use per-namespace ARP cache.
    // D3 NETNS-ROUTING: fallible — Local/Unroutable destinations fail
    // closed (Unreachable) instead of egressing as gateway-unicast.
    // D3 PENDING-FRAME v2: an on-link miss DIVERTS to the park-and-probe
    // path (ownership pre-gate → park → post-gate probe admission) —
    // gateway-fallback delivery is retired. Everything below the divert is
    // the resolved HIT path.
    let dst_mac = match resolve_dst_mac_inner(dst_ip, &cfg, net_ns_id)? {
        ResolvedDst::Mac(mac) => mac,
        ResolvedDst::OnLinkMiss => {
            return park_on_link_miss(
                proto,
                dst_ip,
                payload,
                transport,
                net_ns_id,
                tcp_binding,
                &cfg,
            );
        }
    };

    // Build IPv4 header
    let ip_hdr = build_ipv4_header(cfg.our_ip, dst_ip, proto, payload.len() as u16, 64);

    // RF180-41 FIX: build the complete wire frame with one admitted allocation.
    let frame = try_build_ethernet_frame_from_parts(
        dst_mac,
        cfg.our_mac,
        ETHERTYPE_IPV4,
        &[&ip_hdr, payload],
    )
    .map_err(|_| TxError::NoMemory)?;

    // R98-2 FIX: Allocate NetBuf via DMA buffer (IOMMU-mapped)
    let dma = alloc_dma_buffer(DMA_PAGE_SIZE).map_err(|_| TxError::NoBuffers)?;
    let mut buf = NetBuf::with_defaults(dma).ok_or(TxError::NoBuffers)?;

    let data = match buf.push_tail(frame.len()) {
        Some(d) => d,
        None => {
            return Err(TxError::InvalidBuffer);
        }
    };
    data.copy_from_slice(&frame);

    #[cfg(feature = "conntrack")]
    {
        use crate::conntrack::{
            ct_egress_tcp, ct_egress_tcp_with_commit, ct_egress_udp, CtEgressResult,
        };

        let ct_now_ms = crate::socket::socket_wait_hooks_get_ticks().unwrap_or(0);
        let outcome = match proto {
            Ipv4Proto::Tcp => {
                let ValidatedTransport::Tcp(tcp) = transport else {
                    return Err(TxError::InvalidBuffer);
                };
                let header_len = tcp.header_len();
                if header_len < TCP_HEADER_MIN_LEN || header_len > payload.len() {
                    return Err(TxError::InvalidBuffer);
                }
                if let Some(binding) = tcp_binding.as_ref() {
                    let mut operation = socket_table()
                        .lock_tcp_reply_operation(binding, &tcp)
                        .ok_or(TxError::InvalidBuffer)?;
                    let outcome = ct_egress_tcp_with_commit(
                        net_ns_id,
                        cfg_pre.our_ip,
                        dst_ip,
                        tcp.src_port,
                        tcp.dst_port,
                        tcp.flags,
                        payload.len() - header_len,
                        ct_now_ms,
                        move || dev.transmit(buf).map_err(|(error, _returned)| error),
                        || operation.commit(&tcp, ct_now_ms),
                    );
                    drop(operation);
                    outcome
                } else {
                    ct_egress_tcp(
                        net_ns_id,
                        cfg_pre.our_ip,
                        dst_ip,
                        tcp.src_port,
                        tcp.dst_port,
                        tcp.flags,
                        payload.len() - header_len,
                        ct_now_ms,
                        move || dev.transmit(buf).map_err(|(error, _returned)| error),
                    )
                }
            }
            Ipv4Proto::Udp => {
                let ValidatedTransport::Udp(udp) = transport else {
                    return Err(TxError::InvalidBuffer);
                };
                if udp.length as usize != payload.len() || payload.len() < UDP_HEADER_LEN {
                    return Err(TxError::InvalidBuffer);
                }
                ct_egress_udp(
                    net_ns_id,
                    cfg_pre.our_ip,
                    dst_ip,
                    udp.src_port,
                    udp.dst_port,
                    payload.len() - UDP_HEADER_LEN,
                    ct_now_ms,
                    move || dev.transmit(buf).map_err(|(error, _returned)| error),
                )
            }
            _ => {
                return dev.transmit(buf).map_err(|(error, _returned)| error);
            }
        };

        return match outcome {
            CtEgressResult::Committed(_) => Ok(()),
            CtEgressResult::Rejected(_) => Err(TxError::InvalidBuffer),
            CtEgressResult::QueueFailed(error) => Err(error),
            CtEgressResult::QueuedOwnerStale(_) => Err(TxError::InvalidBuffer),
            CtEgressResult::StateLost { .. } => Err(TxError::IoError),
        };
    }

    #[cfg(not(feature = "conntrack"))]
    {
        if let Some(binding) = tcp_binding.as_ref() {
            if proto != Ipv4Proto::Tcp {
                return Err(TxError::InvalidBuffer);
            }
            let ValidatedTransport::Tcp(tcp) = transport else {
                return Err(TxError::InvalidBuffer);
            };
            let mut operation = socket_table()
                .lock_tcp_reply_operation(binding, &tcp)
                .ok_or(TxError::InvalidBuffer)?;
            let result = dev.transmit(buf);
            let result = match result {
                Ok(()) if operation.commit(&tcp, 0) => Ok(()),
                Ok(()) => Err(TxError::InvalidBuffer),
                Err((error, _returned)) => Err(error),
            };
            drop(operation);
            return result;
        }
        dev.transmit(buf).map_err(|(error, _returned)| error)
    }
}

/// Queue a prepared frame and commit all state that depends on that queue
/// acceptance.
///
/// RF180-41 REVIEW FIX: `process_frame` performs an initial egress-policy check
/// but does not claim that the returned frame was sent. This consuming API
/// rechecks policy to close caller-delay TOCTOU, prepares DMA, and couples the
/// final device operation to allocation-free conntrack publication. On error it
/// returns the original admitted owner for retry and commits no socket state.
fn preflight_prepared_reply(reply: &PreparedReply, now_ms: u64) -> Result<u64, TxError> {
    let Some(net_ns_id) = reply.tx_context else {
        return Err(TxError::InvalidBuffer);
    };
    if now_ms < reply.retry_not_before_ms {
        return Err(TxError::QueueFull);
    }
    if reply.is_empty() || reply.len() > DMA_PAGE_SIZE {
        return Err(TxError::InvalidBuffer);
    }
    match egress_firewall_allows_prepared(reply, net_ns_id, now_ms, reply.egress_class) {
        EgressFirewallDecision::Allow => {}
        EgressFirewallDecision::Deny => return Err(TxError::FirewallDenied),
        EgressFirewallDecision::Malformed => return Err(TxError::InvalidBuffer),
    }
    Ok(net_ns_id)
}

/// Queue a prepared frame and commit conntrack/socket state only after the
/// device accepts that exact admitted owner.
///
/// On any policy, preparation, or queue error, returns the original owner so
/// the caller may retry without reconstructing or duplicating the frame.
pub fn transmit_prepared_reply(
    reply: PreparedReply,
    now_ms: u64,
    stats: &NetStats,
) -> Result<(), PreparedReplyTxError> {
    let net_ns_id = match preflight_prepared_reply(&reply, now_ms) {
        Ok(net_ns_id) => net_ns_id,
        Err(error) => return Err(PreparedReplyTxError::Retryable(error, reply)),
    };
    // D1-ISO-NETNS-DATAPLANE FIX: prepared replies egress through the same
    // namespace-gated resolver as direct TX. `Retryable` here follows the
    // existing preflight convention (egress-firewall Deny is also returned as
    // Retryable(FirewallDenied, reply)): it hands the admitted owner back so
    // the caller decides to drop; callers must treat FirewallDenied as a
    // terminal policy verdict, not a transient queue state.
    let dev = match resolve_authorized_tx_device(net_ns_id) {
        Ok(dev) => dev,
        Err(error) => {
            return Err(PreparedReplyTxError::Retryable(error, reply));
        }
    };
    transmit_prepared_reply_with_queue(reply, now_ms, net_ns_id, stats, move |buf| {
        dev.transmit(buf)
    })
}

/// D3-NETNS-DATAPLANE ARP-PROBE SEAM (Codex round-22 R6): build ONE ARP
/// request for an ON-LINK target as a [`PreparedReply`] bound to
/// `net_ns_id`'s OWN identity, for egress through
/// [`transmit_prepared_reply`] — the same ownership-gated path every
/// prepared frame takes. Deliberately the BARE builder: no suppression
/// ring, no probe rate bucket, no pending-frame queue. The production
/// request-TX leg does NOT wrap this seam — it binds a [`ProbeIntent`] to
/// the data packet's ORIGINAL snapshot instead (this seam re-acquires
/// configuration, which is exactly right for external/test callers naming
/// a namespace, and exactly wrong for a probe chasing a specific frame).
///
/// Authority shape: the caller names a namespace, never an identity. The
/// snapshot is acquired internally (fail-closed), so the probe's sender
/// MAC/IP are always the namespace's own — there is no spoofed-identity
/// surface — and transmit authority is still enforced downstream at the TX
/// resolver. ARP bypasses the IPv4 firewall: this seam is OWNERSHIP-gated,
/// not firewall-authorized.
///
/// # Errors
///
/// * `LinkDown` — unknown/destroyed/unconfigured namespace, and ALSO a root
///   identity whose MAC autodetect is still pending: a prepared probe must
///   never retain the zero MAC and transmit it later (round-22).
/// * `Unreachable` — `next_hop` did not classify the target ON-LINK
///   (off-link destinations resolve THROUGH the gateway; probing them is
///   never meaningful, and specials must never egress as ARP targets).
/// * `NoMemory` — frame admission failed.
pub fn prepare_arp_probe(net_ns_id: u64, target_ip: Ipv4Addr) -> Result<PreparedReply, TxError> {
    let cfg = tx_net_config(net_ns_id)?;
    if cfg.our_mac.0 == [0u8; 6] {
        return Err(TxError::LinkDown);
    }
    if next_hop(target_ip, &cfg) != NextHop::OnLink {
        return Err(TxError::Unreachable);
    }
    let frame = crate::arp::build_arp_request(cfg.our_mac, cfg.our_ip, target_ip);
    if frame.is_empty() {
        return Err(TxError::NoMemory);
    }
    // D3 ARP-PROBE: accounting only, still no throttle machinery — a
    // queue-accepted commit ticks `probes_sent` so the counter is truthful
    // for seam users and the production path alike.
    let mut probe = PreparedReply::new(frame).with_stat(PreparedReplyStat::ArpProbe);
    probe.authorize(net_ns_id, 0);
    Ok(probe)
}

/// D3 PENDING-FRAME v2: collapse a prepared-transaction error to the
/// direct-TX result shape. The frame owner is DROPPED — direct sends have
/// no retry queue (the caller retries at its own layer, exactly as after a
/// failed device enqueue), and a late-hit/popped frame is never re-parked.
fn prepared_reply_error(error: PreparedReplyTxError) -> TxError {
    match error {
        PreparedReplyTxError::Retryable(error, reply) => {
            drop(reply);
            error
        }
        PreparedReplyTxError::Consumed(error) => error,
    }
}

/// D3 PENDING-FRAME v2: the on-link-miss TX arm — park the data frame and
/// probe; gateway-fallback DELIVERY is retired.
///
/// Order (each placement is load-bearing):
///
/// 1. OWNERSHIP PRE-GATE: the same namespace-gated resolver every direct
///    send uses, minted and dropped unconsumed (documented-safe). Probe
///    admission and queue occupancy sit strictly BEHIND it — the v1
///    round-27 F3 residual is closed: an ownership-denied namespace draws
///    NO ring claim, NO bucket token, NO queue slot, and gets the same
///    `FirewallDenied` as a direct send. This check is ADMISSION control;
///    delivery re-resolves ownership afresh inside
///    [`transmit_prepared_reply`], which remains the authoritative gate.
/// 2. Build the full wire frame with the ZERO destination placeholder —
///    patched under the cache lock at pop/late-hit; expiry, eviction and
///    the reconfiguration flush DROP frames, so no unpatched bytes can
///    reach a device.
/// 3. Bound active-open SYN (`transmit_tcp_connect`): a cache HIT here
///    behaves as a direct send — the binding rides the prepared
///    transaction and SYN-SENT publishes at queue-accept, preserving that
///    contract exactly. On a CONFIRMED miss, ARP-queue acceptance IS the
///    SYN's lower-layer TX acceptance: SYN-SENT publishes NOW through the
///    normal binding commit (socket locks — taken with NO cache lock
///    held), the binding is consumed, and the frame parks bindingless. A
///    parked SYN that later expires/evicts is loss-after-acceptance —
///    recovered by TCP-level retransmission/timeout like any post-queue
///    drop. Residual (bounded to the µs between the two lock holds,
///    documented): a learn racing the commit delivers immediately, and a
///    delivery failure THERE surfaces as `Err` after SYN-SENT published.
/// 4. Park-or-late-hit under ONE cache lock ([`park_or_resolve_late`]),
///    probe admission post-gate, emission post-lock.
///
/// Parking returns `Ok(())`: the datagram is ACCEPTED for delivery (Linux
/// unresolved-neighbor queue semantics) — it retransmits on learn and
/// drops on expiry ([`crate::arp::PENDING_FRAME_TTL_MS`]).
fn park_on_link_miss(
    proto: Ipv4Proto,
    dst_ip: Ipv4Addr,
    payload: &[u8],
    transport: ValidatedTransport,
    net_ns_id: u64,
    tcp_binding: Option<TcpReplyBinding>,
    cfg: &NetConfigSnapshot,
) -> Result<(), TxError> {
    // (1) Ownership pre-gate — mint and drop.
    drop(resolve_authorized_tx_device(net_ns_id)?);

    // The namespace died between resolution and here (sliver): fail closed
    // with tx_net_config's unknown/destroyed convention.
    let cache = crate::socket::netns_arp_cache(net_ns_id).ok_or(TxError::LinkDown)?;

    let now_ms = crate::socket::socket_wait_hooks_get_ticks().unwrap_or(0);

    // (2) Full wire frame, ZERO dst placeholder (RF180-41: one admitted
    // allocation; the DMA copy happens at delivery in the prepared path).
    let ip_hdr = build_ipv4_header(cfg.our_ip, dst_ip, proto, payload.len() as u16, 64);
    let frame = try_build_ethernet_frame_from_parts(
        EthAddr::ZERO,
        cfg.our_mac,
        ETHERTYPE_IPV4,
        &[&ip_hdr, payload],
    )
    .map_err(|_| TxError::NoMemory)?;

    let mut reply = PreparedReply::new(frame).with_deferred_outbound();
    reply.authorize(net_ns_id, now_ms);
    if proto == Ipv4Proto::Udp {
        // Defer the direct path's ct_egress_udp coupling to queue-accept.
        reply = reply.with_deferred_udp_ct();
    }

    // (3) Bound active-open SYN.
    if let Some(binding) = tcp_binding {
        let ValidatedTransport::Tcp(tcp) = transport else {
            return Err(TxError::InvalidBuffer);
        };
        let header_len = tcp.header_len();
        if header_len < TCP_HEADER_MIN_LEN || header_len > payload.len() {
            return Err(TxError::InvalidBuffer);
        }
        {
            let guard = cache.lock();
            if let Some(mac) = guard.lookup(dst_ip, now_ms) {
                drop(guard);
                if !reply.patch_dst_mac(mac) {
                    return Err(TxError::InvalidBuffer);
                }
                reply.bind_tcp(Some(binding));
                return transmit_prepared_reply(reply, now_ms, &RX_INGRESS_NET_STATS)
                    .map_err(prepared_reply_error);
            }
        }
        // Confirmed miss: publish SYN-SENT now (ARP-queue acceptance is
        // the SYN's TX acceptance) — socket locks with no cache lock held.
        let mut operation = socket_table()
            .lock_tcp_reply_operation(&binding, &tcp)
            .ok_or(TxError::InvalidBuffer)?;
        let committed = operation.commit(&tcp, now_ms);
        drop(operation);
        drop(binding);
        if !committed {
            return Err(TxError::InvalidBuffer);
        }
    }

    // (4) Park or late-hit; probe admission strictly post-gate.
    park_or_resolve_late(&cache, reply, dst_ip, net_ns_id, cfg, now_ms)
}

/// D3 PENDING-FRAME v2: under ONE cache-lock hold, either the neighbor was
/// learned since resolution (LATE HIT — patch and deliver synchronously
/// through the ownership-gated prepared path; no pending counters, no
/// probe claims) or the frame parks and probe admission runs. Admission is
/// post-gate BY CONSTRUCTION (every caller passed the ownership pre-gate);
/// denial counters keep their v1 TX-path semantics on the dataplane
/// ledger. The displaced frame of a full queue drops strictly AFTER the
/// lock (its drop releases heap admissions).
fn park_or_resolve_late(
    cache: &alloc::sync::Arc<Mutex<crate::arp::ArpCache>>,
    mut reply: PreparedReply,
    target_ip: Ipv4Addr,
    net_ns_id: u64,
    cfg: &NetConfigSnapshot,
    now_ms: u64,
) -> Result<(), TxError> {
    let stats = &RX_INGRESS_NET_STATS;
    let mut guard = cache.lock();
    if let Some(mac) = guard.lookup(target_ip, now_ms) {
        drop(guard);
        if !reply.patch_dst_mac(mac) {
            return Err(TxError::InvalidBuffer);
        }
        return transmit_prepared_reply(reply, now_ms, stats).map_err(prepared_reply_error);
    }
    let evicted = guard.park_pending(reply, target_ip, cfg.our_mac, cfg.our_ip, now_ms);
    let probe = match guard.admit_probe(target_ip, now_ms) {
        crate::arp::ProbeAdmission::Admitted => Some(ProbeIntent {
            our_mac: cfg.our_mac,
            our_ip: cfg.our_ip,
            target_ip,
            net_ns_id,
        }),
        crate::arp::ProbeAdmission::DuplicateSuppressed => {
            stats.arp_stats.inc_probe_duplicate_suppressed();
            None
        }
        crate::arp::ProbeAdmission::RateLimited => {
            stats.arp_stats.inc_probe_rate_limited();
            None
        }
    };
    drop(guard);
    // Heap-releasing drop strictly outside the cache mutex.
    drop(evicted);
    if let Some(intent) = probe {
        emit_arp_probe(intent);
    }
    Ok(())
}

/// D3 PENDING-FRAME v2: service `net_ns_id`'s pending-frame queue — the
/// retransmit-on-learn / expiry / interval-re-probe choke point.
///
/// Shape (lock discipline is the point):
/// 1. Snapshot the pending keys under one short cache-lock hold; empty
///    queue = one integer-cheap early exit.
/// 2. ONE fresh ownership check for the namespace, with NO cache lock held
///    (mint-and-drop through the canonical TX resolver). Denied sweeps
///    still expire (reclamation must not depend on authorization) but pop
///    nothing and admit no probes; live frames wait for the TTL — no
///    revocation path exists today (`move_device` ENOSYS, no device
///    unregister), so denial here means the namespace never re-qualified.
/// 3. Drain under the cache lock: expiry-first, FIFO ready pop (dst MAC
///    patched under the lock), per-key interval re-probe admission scoped
///    to the step-1 snapshot.
/// 4. AFTER the lock: retired frames drop; ready frames deliver through
///    [`transmit_prepared_reply`] (fresh authoritative ownership gate +
///    egress-firewall re-check + the deferred conntrack/TCP transaction at
///    queue-accept); outcomes fold back in ONE re-lock; admitted re-probes
///    emit through the global bucket ([`emit_arp_probe`]).
///
/// Failures drop the frame fail-closed (`retx_failures`) — never re-park.
/// Concurrent calls are safe: the cache mutex serializes, and each frame
/// is MOVED OUT exactly once, so duplicate delivery is structural nonsense.
///
/// Callers: the RX ingress poll services ROOT every pass (a learn ingested
/// in poll N retransmits in poll N; the same call is the idle expiry
/// sweep) — root-only by the same v1 attribution as RX itself, since
/// production children own no devices and cannot park (pre-gate). Runtime
/// tests service their own child namespaces through this same pub seam.
/// Capability-safe: every transmit re-derives its own authority.
///
/// Returns the number of frames the device queue accepted.
pub fn drain_parked_ready(net_ns_id: u64, now_ms: u64) -> usize {
    let Some(cache) = crate::socket::netns_arp_cache(net_ns_id) else {
        return 0;
    };
    let snapshot = cache.lock().pending_key_snapshot(now_ms);
    if !snapshot.occupied() {
        return 0;
    }
    let authorized = snapshot.has_live_keys() && resolve_authorized_tx_device(net_ns_id).is_ok();

    let drain = cache.lock().drain_pending(now_ms, authorized, &snapshot);

    // Everything below runs with NO cache lock held.
    drop(drain.retired);

    let stats = &RX_INGRESS_NET_STATS;
    let mut accepted = 0u64;
    let mut failed = 0u64;
    for frame in drain.ready.into_frames() {
        match transmit_prepared_reply(frame.reply, now_ms, stats) {
            Ok(()) => accepted += 1,
            Err(PreparedReplyTxError::Retryable(_, owner)) => {
                drop(owner);
                failed += 1;
            }
            Err(PreparedReplyTxError::Consumed(_)) => failed += 1,
        }
    }
    if accepted != 0 || failed != 0 {
        cache.lock().record_pending_tx_outcomes(accepted, failed);
    }
    for probe in drain.probes.into_probes() {
        emit_arp_probe(ProbeIntent {
            our_mac: probe.our_mac,
            our_ip: probe.our_ip,
            target_ip: probe.target_ip,
            net_ns_id,
        });
    }
    accepted as usize
}

/// D3 ARP-PROBE: best-effort emission of one ADMITTED probe intent. D3
/// PENDING-FRAME v2: intents originate at the park site (after the TX
/// ownership pre-gate) and from the pending sweep's interval re-probes —
/// admission is post-gate everywhere, so the F3 starvation shape (an
/// ownership-denied namespace draining shared probe budget) cannot arise.
///
/// - The GLOBAL probe bucket ([`crate::arp::ARP_PROBE_RATE_LIMITER`]) is
///   drawn here — the aggregate backstop behind every per-cache bucket.
///   Its denial is one `probe_rate_limited`.
/// - Identity comes from the intent — the parked frame's own snapshot,
///   never re-acquired (see [`ProbeIntent`]).
/// - Ownership is re-verified downstream: [`transmit_prepared_reply`]
///   resolves the authorized device afresh, so a namespace torn down
///   between admission and probe-TX fail-closes into one
///   `probe_tx_failures` (Codex round-26 Q3 — bounded completion).
/// - No recursion: the ARP request embeds the broadcast destination, so
///   its egress never re-enters [`resolve_dst_mac_inner`].
/// - A failed probe is dropped and counted; the ring claim already
///   throttles re-attempts to the interval, and the pending sweep re-admits
///   while the frame stays parked. A reply learned between claim and
///   emission costs at most one redundant, bucket-bounded probe.
/// - Lock context: every caller emits AFTER dropping the ARP cache lock —
///   the fresh device resolve here never overlaps a held cache or device
///   lock.
/// - Ledger: counters land on the dataplane stats
///   ([`rx_ingress_net_stats`]) — the same instance where `ArpReply` TX
///   commits and reply/learn observability already live.
fn emit_arp_probe(intent: ProbeIntent) {
    let stats = &RX_INGRESS_NET_STATS;
    let now_ms = crate::socket::socket_wait_hooks_get_ticks().unwrap_or(0);
    // The GLOBAL aggregate backstop — drawn at emission only, and every
    // admission (park site or sweep) sits behind the TX ownership gate
    // (v2 closed the round-27 F3 residual at its root: a denied namespace
    // cannot reach admission at all, let alone this shared bucket).
    if !crate::arp::ARP_PROBE_RATE_LIMITER.allow(now_ms) {
        stats.arp_stats.inc_probe_rate_limited();
        return;
    }
    let frame = crate::arp::build_arp_request(intent.our_mac, intent.our_ip, intent.target_ip);
    if frame.is_empty() {
        stats.arp_stats.inc_probe_tx_failures();
        return;
    }
    let mut probe = PreparedReply::new(frame).with_stat(PreparedReplyStat::ArpProbe);
    probe.authorize(intent.net_ns_id, now_ms);
    match transmit_prepared_reply(probe, now_ms, stats) {
        Ok(()) => {}
        Err(PreparedReplyTxError::Retryable(_, owner)) => {
            drop(owner);
            stats.arp_stats.inc_probe_tx_failures();
        }
        Err(PreparedReplyTxError::Consumed(_)) => {
            stats.arp_stats.inc_probe_tx_failures();
        }
    }
}

fn transmit_prepared_reply_with_queue<F>(
    reply: PreparedReply,
    now_ms: u64,
    net_ns_id: u64,
    stats: &NetStats,
    queue: F,
) -> Result<(), PreparedReplyTxError>
where
    F: FnOnce(NetBuf) -> Result<(), (TxError, NetBuf)>,
{
    let dma = match alloc_dma_buffer(DMA_PAGE_SIZE) {
        Ok(dma) => dma,
        Err(_) => {
            return Err(PreparedReplyTxError::Retryable(TxError::NoBuffers, reply));
        }
    };
    let mut buf = match NetBuf::with_defaults(dma) {
        Some(buf) => buf,
        None => {
            return Err(PreparedReplyTxError::Retryable(TxError::NoBuffers, reply));
        }
    };
    let Some(data) = buf.push_tail(reply.len()) else {
        return Err(PreparedReplyTxError::Retryable(
            TxError::InvalidBuffer,
            reply,
        ));
    };
    data.copy_from_slice(&reply);

    complete_prepared_reply_transaction(reply, now_ms, net_ns_id, stats, move || {
        queue(buf).map_err(|(error, _returned)| error)
    })
}

fn complete_prepared_reply_transaction<F>(
    reply: PreparedReply,
    now_ms: u64,
    net_ns_id: u64,
    stats: &NetStats,
    queue: F,
) -> Result<(), PreparedReplyTxError>
where
    F: FnOnce() -> Result<(), TxError>,
{
    let (eth, ip_bytes) = match parse_ethernet(&reply) {
        Ok(parsed) => parsed,
        Err(_) => {
            return Err(PreparedReplyTxError::Retryable(
                TxError::InvalidBuffer,
                reply,
            ));
        }
    };

    #[cfg(feature = "conntrack")]
    if eth.ethertype == ETHERTYPE_IPV4 {
        use crate::conntrack::{
            conntrack_table, ct_egress_tcp_with_commit, ct_egress_udp, CtEgressResult, FlowKey,
            IPPROTO_TCP,
        };

        let (ip, _options, l4_bytes) = match parse_ipv4(ip_bytes) {
            Ok(parsed) => parsed,
            Err(_) => {
                return Err(PreparedReplyTxError::Retryable(
                    TxError::InvalidBuffer,
                    reply,
                ));
            }
        };

        // D3 PENDING-FRAME v2: a parked UDP data frame deferred its
        // ct_egress_udp coupling to THIS queue-accept — run the direct
        // path's exact transaction (same validation, conntrack state only
        // if the queue invocation succeeds). Consulted EXPLICITLY via the
        // deferred-CT marker, never inferred from the protocol alone: a
        // future prepared UDP reply that committed conntrack elsewhere
        // stays on the plain path by default.
        if reply.deferred_ct == DeferredCt::Udp && ip.proto() == Some(Ipv4Proto::Udp) {
            let udp = match crate::udp::parse_udp_header(l4_bytes) {
                Ok(udp) => udp,
                Err(_) => {
                    return Err(PreparedReplyTxError::Retryable(
                        TxError::InvalidBuffer,
                        reply,
                    ));
                }
            };
            // Mirror the direct path's length coupling (RF180-51 family):
            // the UDP header's own length must cover exactly the L4 bytes.
            if udp.length as usize != l4_bytes.len() || l4_bytes.len() < UDP_HEADER_LEN {
                return Err(PreparedReplyTxError::Retryable(
                    TxError::InvalidBuffer,
                    reply,
                ));
            }
            let outcome = ct_egress_udp(
                net_ns_id,
                ip.src,
                ip.dst,
                udp.src_port,
                udp.dst_port,
                l4_bytes.len() - UDP_HEADER_LEN,
                now_ms,
                queue,
            );
            return match outcome {
                CtEgressResult::Committed(_) => {
                    reply.commit_stat(stats);
                    Ok(())
                }
                CtEgressResult::Rejected(_) => Err(PreparedReplyTxError::Retryable(
                    TxError::InvalidBuffer,
                    reply,
                )),
                CtEgressResult::QueueFailed(error) => {
                    let mut reply = reply;
                    if error == TxError::QueueFull {
                        reply.note_queue_rejection(now_ms);
                    }
                    Err(PreparedReplyTxError::Retryable(error, reply))
                }
                CtEgressResult::QueuedOwnerStale(_) => {
                    reply.commit_stat(stats);
                    Err(PreparedReplyTxError::Consumed(TxError::InvalidBuffer))
                }
                CtEgressResult::StateLost { queued } => {
                    if queued {
                        reply.commit_stat(stats);
                    }
                    Err(PreparedReplyTxError::Consumed(TxError::IoError))
                }
            };
        }
        if ip.proto() == Some(Ipv4Proto::Tcp) {
            let tcp = match parse_tcp_header(l4_bytes) {
                Ok(tcp) => tcp,
                Err(_) => {
                    return Err(PreparedReplyTxError::Retryable(
                        TxError::InvalidBuffer,
                        reply,
                    ));
                }
            };
            let header_len = tcp.header_len();
            if header_len < TCP_HEADER_MIN_LEN || header_len > l4_bytes.len() {
                return Err(PreparedReplyTxError::Retryable(
                    TxError::InvalidBuffer,
                    reply,
                ));
            }

            let (key, _) = FlowKey::from_packet(
                net_ns_id,
                IPPROTO_TCP,
                ip.src,
                ip.dst,
                tcp.src_port,
                tcp.dst_port,
            );
            // An explicit firewall RST for an untracked packet is intentionally
            // stateless. Every state-advancing TCP reply has an ingress-created
            // flow and must use the transaction below.
            // RF192-3 FIX: lookup hides pending egress, which is still tracked.
            // Let the transaction return the owner for retry while it is busy;
            // a stateless send here would skip the tracked flow's Close commit.
            if !conntrack_table().contains_flow(&key) && tcp.flags & TCP_FLAG_RST != 0 {
                let queued = queue();
                return match queued {
                    Ok(()) => {
                        reply.commit_stat(stats);
                        Ok(())
                    }
                    Err(error) => {
                        let mut reply = reply;
                        if error == TxError::QueueFull {
                            reply.note_queue_rejection(now_ms);
                        }
                        Err(PreparedReplyTxError::Retryable(error, reply))
                    }
                };
            }

            let operation_result = reply
                .tcp_binding
                .as_ref()
                .map(|binding| socket_table().lock_tcp_reply_operation(binding, &tcp));
            if matches!(operation_result, Some(None)) {
                // End the binding borrow before returning the retry owner.
                drop(operation_result);
                return Err(PreparedReplyTxError::Retryable(
                    TxError::InvalidBuffer,
                    reply,
                ));
            }
            let mut operation = operation_result.flatten();

            let outcome = ct_egress_tcp_with_commit(
                net_ns_id,
                ip.src,
                ip.dst,
                tcp.src_port,
                tcp.dst_port,
                tcp.flags,
                l4_bytes.len() - header_len,
                now_ms,
                queue,
                || {
                    operation
                        .as_mut()
                        .map(|operation| operation.commit(&tcp, now_ms))
                        .unwrap_or(true)
                },
            );
            drop(operation);
            return match outcome {
                CtEgressResult::Committed(_) => {
                    reply.commit_stat(stats);
                    Ok(())
                }
                CtEgressResult::Rejected(_) => Err(PreparedReplyTxError::Retryable(
                    TxError::InvalidBuffer,
                    reply,
                )),
                CtEgressResult::QueueFailed(error) => {
                    let mut reply = reply;
                    if error == TxError::QueueFull {
                        reply.note_queue_rejection(now_ms);
                    }
                    Err(PreparedReplyTxError::Retryable(error, reply))
                }
                CtEgressResult::QueuedOwnerStale(_) => {
                    reply.commit_stat(stats);
                    Err(PreparedReplyTxError::Consumed(TxError::InvalidBuffer))
                }
                CtEgressResult::StateLost { queued } => {
                    if queued {
                        reply.commit_stat(stats);
                    }
                    Err(PreparedReplyTxError::Consumed(TxError::IoError))
                }
            };
        }
    }

    #[cfg(not(feature = "conntrack"))]
    if eth.ethertype == ETHERTYPE_IPV4 {
        let (ip, _options, l4_bytes) = match parse_ipv4(ip_bytes) {
            Ok(parsed) => parsed,
            Err(_) => {
                return Err(PreparedReplyTxError::Retryable(
                    TxError::InvalidBuffer,
                    reply,
                ));
            }
        };
        if ip.proto() == Some(Ipv4Proto::Tcp) {
            let tcp = match parse_tcp_header(l4_bytes) {
                Ok(tcp) => tcp,
                Err(_) => {
                    return Err(PreparedReplyTxError::Retryable(
                        TxError::InvalidBuffer,
                        reply,
                    ));
                }
            };
            if tcp.header_len() < TCP_HEADER_MIN_LEN || tcp.header_len() > l4_bytes.len() {
                return Err(PreparedReplyTxError::Retryable(
                    TxError::InvalidBuffer,
                    reply,
                ));
            }
            let operation_result = reply
                .tcp_binding
                .as_ref()
                .map(|binding| socket_table().lock_tcp_reply_operation(binding, &tcp));
            if matches!(operation_result, Some(None)) {
                drop(operation_result);
                return Err(PreparedReplyTxError::Retryable(
                    TxError::InvalidBuffer,
                    reply,
                ));
            }
            let mut operation = operation_result.flatten();
            let queued = queue();
            return match queued {
                Ok(()) => {
                    reply.commit_stat(stats);
                    let committed = operation
                        .as_mut()
                        .map(|operation| operation.commit(&tcp, now_ms))
                        .unwrap_or(true);
                    drop(operation);
                    if committed {
                        Ok(())
                    } else {
                        Err(PreparedReplyTxError::Consumed(TxError::InvalidBuffer))
                    }
                }
                Err(error) => {
                    drop(operation);
                    let mut reply = reply;
                    if error == TxError::QueueFull {
                        reply.note_queue_rejection(now_ms);
                    }
                    Err(PreparedReplyTxError::Retryable(error, reply))
                }
            };
        }
    }

    let queued = queue();
    match queued {
        Ok(()) => {
            reply.commit_stat(stats);
            Ok(())
        }
        Err(error) => {
            let mut reply = reply;
            if error == TxError::QueueFull {
                reply.note_queue_rejection(now_ms);
            }
            Err(PreparedReplyTxError::Retryable(error, reply))
        }
    }
}

/// Transmit a serialized TCP segment (without IP/Ethernet headers).
///
/// The segment should be a complete TCP header + payload as built by
/// the socket layer's tcp_send() or connect().
///
/// # Arguments
/// * `dst_ip` - Destination IP address
/// * `segment` - Complete TCP segment (header + payload)
///
/// # Returns
/// * `Ok(())` on successful transmission
/// * `Err(TxError)` on failure
pub fn transmit_tcp_segment(
    dst_ip: Ipv4Addr,
    segment: &[u8],
    net_ns_id: u64,
) -> Result<(), TxError> {
    build_frame_and_transmit(Ipv4Proto::Tcp, dst_ip, segment, net_ns_id, None)
}

/// Transmit the exact initial active-open SYN and publish SYN-SENT only after
/// the device accepts it. The private binding keeps a close/stale socket from
/// queueing a control packet whose TCB can no longer commit.
pub fn transmit_tcp_connect(result: TcpConnectResult, net_ns_id: u64) -> Result<(), TxError> {
    let dst_ip = result.dst_ip;
    let segment = result.segment;
    let binding = result.egress_binding;
    build_frame_and_transmit(Ipv4Proto::Tcp, dst_ip, &segment, net_ns_id, Some(binding))
}

/// Transmit a serialized UDP datagram (without IP/Ethernet headers).
///
/// The datagram should be a complete UDP header + payload as built by
/// the socket layer's send_to_udp().
///
/// # Arguments
/// * `dst_ip` - Destination IP address
/// * `datagram` - Complete UDP datagram (header + payload)
///
/// # Returns
/// * `Ok(())` on successful transmission
/// * `Err(TxError)` on failure
pub fn transmit_udp_datagram(
    dst_ip: Ipv4Addr,
    datagram: &[u8],
    net_ns_id: u64,
) -> Result<(), TxError> {
    build_frame_and_transmit(Ipv4Proto::Udp, dst_ip, datagram, net_ns_id, None)
}

// ============================================================================
// Firewall Helpers
// ============================================================================

/// Build original IP header snapshot for ICMP reject response.
///
/// Per RFC 792, ICMP error messages include the original IP header + first 8 bytes
/// of the original payload (L4 header).
///
/// # R64-3 NOTE: Current implementation reconstructs the IP header from parsed fields
/// rather than copying the original bytes. This means:
/// - IP options are not included (assumes IHL=5)
/// - Checksum is recalculated
///
/// A more RFC-compliant implementation would pass through the original packet slice.
/// This is acceptable for most cases but may cause issues with packets containing
/// IP options. Future improvement: pass original IP header bytes through the call chain.
fn build_original_ip_for_reject(ip_hdr: &Ipv4Header, l4_bytes: &[u8]) -> WirePacket {
    let quoted_len = cmp::min(l4_bytes.len(), 8);
    let mut hdr = [0u8; IPV4_HEADER_MIN_LEN];

    // Build minimal header snapshot from the parsed fields
    hdr[0] = 0x45; // Version + IHL (no options)
    hdr[1] = ip_hdr.dscp_ecn;
    let total_len = (IPV4_HEADER_MIN_LEN + quoted_len) as u16;
    hdr[2..4].copy_from_slice(&total_len.to_be_bytes());
    hdr[4..6].copy_from_slice(&ip_hdr.identification.to_be_bytes());
    hdr[6..8].copy_from_slice(&ip_hdr.flags_fragment.to_be_bytes());
    hdr[8] = ip_hdr.ttl;
    hdr[9] = ip_hdr.protocol;
    hdr[12..16].copy_from_slice(&ip_hdr.src.0);
    hdr[16..20].copy_from_slice(&ip_hdr.dst.0);
    let checksum = compute_checksum(&hdr, IPV4_HEADER_MIN_LEN);
    hdr[10..12].copy_from_slice(&checksum.to_be_bytes());

    // RF180-41 FIX: the firewall quote is an admitted wire owner and cannot
    // escape the global heap proof while a reject is being assembled.
    WirePacket::try_from_slices(&[&hdr, &l4_bytes[..quoted_len]]).unwrap_or_default()
}

/// Apply firewall verdict, generating response if needed.
///
/// Returns `Some(ProcessResult)` if the packet should be dropped/rejected,
/// or `None` if the packet should be accepted and processing should continue.
fn apply_firewall_verdict(
    verdict: &FirewallVerdict,
    packet: &FirewallPacket,
    ip_hdr: &Ipv4Header,
    eth_hdr: &EthHeader,
    l4_bytes: &[u8],
    now_ms: u64,
) -> Option<ProcessResult> {
    crate::firewall::log_match(verdict, packet, now_ms);

    match verdict.action {
        FirewallAction::Accept => None,
        FirewallAction::Drop => Some(ProcessResult::Dropped(DropReason::Firewall {
            rule_id: verdict.rule_id,
            rejected: false,
        })),
        FirewallAction::Reject { icmp_code } => {
            // Don't send ICMP errors to broadcast/multicast
            if ip_hdr.dst.is_broadcast() || ip_hdr.dst.is_multicast() {
                return Some(ProcessResult::Dropped(DropReason::Firewall {
                    rule_id: verdict.rule_id,
                    rejected: true,
                }));
            }

            // R64-5 FIX: For TCP rejections, send a TCP RST per RFC 793 instead of ICMP
            // This is more appropriate for TCP as RST immediately terminates the connection
            // and is the standard response for rejected TCP traffic.
            if packet.proto == Ipv4Proto::Tcp {
                if let Ok(tcp_hdr) = parse_tcp_header(l4_bytes) {
                    let hdr_len = tcp_hdr.header_len();
                    if l4_bytes.len() >= hdr_len && hdr_len >= TCP_HEADER_MIN_LEN {
                        let tcp_payload = &l4_bytes[hdr_len..];

                        let is_ack = tcp_hdr.flags & TCP_FLAG_ACK != 0;
                        let is_syn = tcp_hdr.flags & TCP_FLAG_SYN != 0;
                        let is_fin = tcp_hdr.flags & TCP_FLAG_FIN != 0;

                        // RFC 793: If ACK was set, RST seq = incoming ACK number, no ACK flag
                        // If ACK was not set, RST seq = 0, ACK = incoming SEQ + segment length
                        let (seq_num, ack_num, flags) = if is_ack {
                            (tcp_hdr.ack_num, 0, TCP_FLAG_RST)
                        } else {
                            let mut seg_len = tcp_payload.len() as u32;
                            if is_syn {
                                seg_len = seg_len.wrapping_add(1);
                            }
                            if is_fin {
                                seg_len = seg_len.wrapping_add(1);
                            }
                            let computed_ack = tcp_hdr.seq_num.wrapping_add(seg_len);
                            (0, computed_ack, TCP_FLAG_RST | TCP_FLAG_ACK)
                        };

                        let rst_segment = build_tcp_segment(
                            ip_hdr.dst, // Our IP as source
                            ip_hdr.src, // Original source as destination
                            tcp_hdr.dst_port,
                            tcp_hdr.src_port,
                            seq_num,
                            ack_num,
                            flags,
                            0,   // Window size
                            &[], // No payload
                        );
                        if rst_segment.is_empty() {
                            return Some(ProcessResult::Dropped(DropReason::Firewall {
                                rule_id: verdict.rule_id,
                                rejected: true,
                            }));
                        }

                        let ip_reply = build_ipv4_header(
                            ip_hdr.dst,
                            ip_hdr.src,
                            Ipv4Proto::Tcp,
                            rst_segment.len() as u16,
                            64,
                        );

                        let frame = build_ethernet_frame_from_parts(
                            eth_hdr.src,
                            eth_hdr.dst,
                            ETHERTYPE_IPV4,
                            &[&ip_reply, &rst_segment],
                        );
                        // R165-18 / R178-L1 FIX: drop on empty-OOM frame instead of emitting
                        // a runt RST frame or accepting.
                        if frame.is_empty() {
                            return Some(ProcessResult::Dropped(DropReason::Firewall {
                                rule_id: verdict.rule_id,
                                rejected: true,
                            }));
                        }

                        return Some(ProcessResult::Reply(PreparedReply::new(frame)));
                    }
                }
                // If TCP header parsing fails, fall through to ICMP response
            }

            // Build ICMP destination unreachable for non-TCP protocols
            let quoted = build_original_ip_for_reject(ip_hdr, l4_bytes);
            if quoted.is_empty() {
                return Some(ProcessResult::Dropped(DropReason::Firewall {
                    rule_id: verdict.rule_id,
                    rejected: true,
                }));
            }
            let icmp = match build_dest_unreachable_limited(icmp_code, &quoted, now_ms) {
                Ok(packet) => packet,
                Err(_) => {
                    return Some(ProcessResult::Dropped(DropReason::Firewall {
                        rule_id: verdict.rule_id,
                        rejected: true,
                    }));
                }
            };
            // Mediated after the ICMP rate limiter (inside the builder), so a
            // denying policy cannot be driven into unthrottled audit records.
            if !icmp_control_allowed(
                lsm::NetControlOp::IcmpError,
                ip_hdr.dst,
                ip_hdr.src,
                ICMP_TYPE_DEST_UNREACHABLE,
                icmp_code,
            ) {
                return Some(ProcessResult::Dropped(DropReason::PolicyDenied));
            }
            let ip_reply = build_ipv4_header(
                ip_hdr.dst,
                ip_hdr.src,
                Ipv4Proto::Icmp,
                icmp.len() as u16,
                64,
            );

            let frame = build_ethernet_frame_from_parts(
                eth_hdr.src,
                eth_hdr.dst,
                ETHERTYPE_IPV4,
                &[&ip_reply, &icmp],
            );
            // R165-18 / R178-L1 FIX: drop on empty-OOM frame instead of emitting a runt
            // ICMP-reject frame or accepting.
            if frame.is_empty() {
                return Some(ProcessResult::Dropped(DropReason::Firewall {
                    rule_id: verdict.rule_id,
                    rejected: true,
                }));
            }

            Some(ProcessResult::Reply(PreparedReply::new(frame)))
        }
    }
}

// ============================================================================
// D3-NETNS-DATAPLANE RX-INGRESS: bounded process-context polling (bring-up)
// ============================================================================

/// Frames drained per throttled background poll. Bounds the work one
/// deferred-work pass can absorb (Safety > Speed: a flood cannot monopolize a
/// syscall-return / reschedule path — excess frames wait for the next pass).
pub const RX_INGRESS_POLL_BUDGET: usize = 32;

// Round-18 invariant: the stateless per-device fair quantum only guarantees
// every device a slot when the budget covers the device count; with a smaller
// budget the first productive devices win every poll. The production entry
// must never be in that regime.
const _: () = assert!(
    RX_INGRESS_POLL_BUDGET >= crate::MAX_NET_DEVICES,
    "background RX budget must cover every registrable device (fairness invariant)"
);

/// D3-NETNS-DATAPLANE RX-COMPLETION: buffers in the shared production RX
/// pool. Fixed at construction (`BufPool` never re-grows), so this constant
/// IS the hard DMA bound for external-device RX: 32 x 4 KiB pages = 128 KiB
/// of physical memory — deliberately OUTSIDE heap admission (DMA pages are
/// not heap-arena bytes; charging them into a `HeapClass` would falsify the
/// coexistence ledger, Codex round-21/22). Visibility instead via
/// [`rx_ingress_pool_stats`].
pub const RX_BUF_POOL_SIZE: usize = 32;

/// The most pool buffers one device may OWN at a time — posted descriptors
/// plus completed-but-undelivered plus recycle-pending (the
/// `NetDevice::rx_owned_rx_buffers` invariant). Bounds how much of the
/// shared pool a single device can pin. Starvation bound (documented, not
/// asserted): the pool fully stocks at most POOL_SIZE / CAP = 2 devices;
/// additional pooled devices degrade to partial stocking. Today's production
/// population is eth0 alone.
pub const RX_DEVICE_OUTSTANDING_CAP: usize = 16;

const _: () = assert!(RX_DEVICE_OUTSTANDING_CAP >= 1);
const _: () = assert!(RX_BUF_POOL_SIZE >= RX_DEVICE_OUTSTANDING_CAP);

/// Minimum spacing between throttled background polls. Coarse by design: the
/// bring-up loop is a liveness floor, not a throughput path (production RX
/// needs a recurring wake source — IRQ vectors are not wired to any device).
const RX_INGRESS_MIN_INTERVAL_MS: u64 = 10;

/// Loop-level RX ingress telemetry, distinct from the per-frame `NetStats`
/// that `process_frame` maintains (those count protocol outcomes; these count
/// drain-loop outcomes the protocol layer never sees).
struct RxIngressStats {
    /// Device `receive()` errors (bounded to one per device per poll).
    rx_errors: AtomicU64,
    /// Polls skipped fail-closed because the attributed owner context was
    /// unavailable/unusable (no root config, or zero-MAC autodetect pending).
    /// Deliberately a SKIP counter, not a drop counter (round-17): nothing is
    /// dequeued on this path — frames stay on their device queues and are
    /// retried next pass. Becomes a per-frame drop counter only when
    /// per-device attribution lands (a frame from a destroyed owner must then
    /// be consumed and dropped, not left queued forever).
    owner_unavailable_skips: AtomicU64,
    /// Ingress-generated replies that failed `transmit_prepared_reply` and
    /// were dropped (bring-up policy: count + drop, never stall the drain).
    reply_tx_failures: AtomicU64,
    /// Polls that consumed their entire frame budget (work may remain).
    budget_exhausted: AtomicU64,
    /// Shared-pool construction attempts rolled back for falling short of
    /// `RX_BUF_POOL_SIZE` (full-or-retry policy — an under-provisioned
    /// candidate is dropped whole and the next poll retries) or failing
    /// fallible metadata allocation.
    pool_init_failures: AtomicU64,
    /// Replenish passes where a PARTICIPATING device posted fewer buffers
    /// than requested (descriptor/headroom shortfalls; round-23 finding 3).
    /// Non-participating devices (synthetics that refuse pool stocking) are
    /// excluded — their permanent shortfall is noise, and pool-empty draws
    /// are counted separately by `BufPool::pool_empty_allocs`, which a
    /// refusing stub never touches.
    replenish_shortfalls: AtomicU64,
}

static RX_INGRESS_STATS: RxIngressStats = RxIngressStats {
    rx_errors: AtomicU64::new(0),
    owner_unavailable_skips: AtomicU64::new(0),
    reply_tx_failures: AtomicU64::new(0),
    budget_exhausted: AtomicU64::new(0),
    pool_init_failures: AtomicU64::new(0),
    replenish_shortfalls: AtomicU64::new(0),
};

/// Protocol-layer stats instance fed to `process_frame` by the ingress loop
/// (there is no other production RX caller, so this is the loop's own ledger).
static RX_INGRESS_NET_STATS: NetStats = NetStats::new();

/// Non-reentrant drain guard: at most ONE ingress poll runs at a time,
/// system-wide. Concurrent callers bail out empty-handed instead of queueing
/// (the frames are not going anywhere; the holder is already draining them).
/// Round-17: the guard also serializes the THROTTLE decision — the last-poll
/// timestamp is read, checked, and advanced only while holding it, so
/// background polls can never execute with out-of-order `now_ms`.
static RX_INGRESS_ACTIVE: AtomicBool = AtomicBool::new(false);

/// Timestamp (ms) of the last throttled background poll. Read/advanced ONLY
/// under `RX_INGRESS_ACTIVE` (see above).
static RX_INGRESS_LAST_POLL_MS: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);

/// Count of live [`RxIngressQuiesceGuard`]s. Non-zero => the THROTTLED
/// background entry is a no-op. A depth counter (not a bool) so overlapping
/// test scopes compose and cannot unbalance each other.
static RX_INGRESS_BG_QUIESCE_DEPTH: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(0);

/// Copy-out snapshot of the loop-level RX ingress counters.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct RxIngressCounters {
    pub rx_errors: u64,
    pub owner_unavailable_skips: u64,
    pub reply_tx_failures: u64,
    pub budget_exhausted: u64,
    pub pool_init_failures: u64,
    pub replenish_shortfalls: u64,
}

/// Snapshot the loop-level RX ingress counters (test/diagnostic observability).
pub fn rx_ingress_counters() -> RxIngressCounters {
    RxIngressCounters {
        rx_errors: RX_INGRESS_STATS.rx_errors.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
        owner_unavailable_skips: RX_INGRESS_STATS
            .owner_unavailable_skips
            .load(Ordering::Relaxed),
        reply_tx_failures: RX_INGRESS_STATS.reply_tx_failures.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
        budget_exhausted: RX_INGRESS_STATS.budget_exhausted.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
        pool_init_failures: RX_INGRESS_STATS.pool_init_failures.load(Ordering::Relaxed),
        replenish_shortfalls: RX_INGRESS_STATS
            .replenish_shortfalls
            .load(Ordering::Relaxed),
    }
}

/// The protocol-layer stats ledger the ingress loop feeds to `process_frame`
/// (test/diagnostic observability — e.g. ARP reply/learn counters for frames
/// that entered through a registered device rather than a direct test call).
pub fn rx_ingress_net_stats() -> &'static NetStats {
    &RX_INGRESS_NET_STATS
}

/// Scoped quiescence of the THROTTLED background RX poll (deterministic-test
/// aid). While at least one guard is live, `rx_ingress_poll_throttled` is a
/// no-op; explicit `rx_ingress_poll` calls are unaffected. Dropping the guard
/// re-enables background polling (depth-counted, so scopes compose).
///
/// Why tests need this: idle-loop `schedule()` on any CPU drives the
/// background poll, and a background steal of a planted frame would process
/// it at the REAL clock against fake-clock ARP token buckets/TTLs (entries
/// learned at real uptime then look expired to the test's fake-clock
/// lookups). Production never constructs one; the only effect while held is
/// that background frames wait on their device queues.
pub struct RxIngressQuiesceGuard(());

/// Quiesce the throttled background RX poll for the guard's lifetime.
///
/// Round-17: this is a BARRIER, not just a flag — when this returns, no
/// in-flight background poll remains and none can start. A poll that read a
/// zero depth before our increment became visible necessarily holds
/// `RX_INGRESS_ACTIVE` (the authoritative depth check happens INSIDE the
/// guard), so waiting for the guard to clear waits that poll out; polls are
/// budget-bounded, so the wait is microsecond-scale. SeqCst on the depth
/// pairs with the SeqCst re-check in the throttled entry.
///
/// Caller contract (round-18): never construct one from inside RX frame
/// processing, and never while holding a lock the active poll may need
/// (device mutex, registry, ARP cache, socket/conntrack) — the wait-for-idle
/// spin would deadlock against the poll it is waiting out.
pub fn quiesce_rx_ingress_background() -> RxIngressQuiesceGuard {
    RX_INGRESS_BG_QUIESCE_DEPTH.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
    while RX_INGRESS_ACTIVE.load(Ordering::Acquire) {
        core::hint::spin_loop();
    }
    RxIngressQuiesceGuard(())
}

impl Drop for RxIngressQuiesceGuard {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        RX_INGRESS_BG_QUIESCE_DEPTH.fetch_sub(1, Ordering::SeqCst);
    }
}

/// The shared production RX buffer pool (bound: [`RX_BUF_POOL_SIZE`]).
/// Installed FULL-OR-NEVER by [`ensure_rx_ingress_pool`]; absent until the
/// first successful construction.
static RX_INGRESS_POOL: Once<BufPool> = Once::new();

/// One coherent snapshot of the shared RX pool (test/diagnostic
/// observability). `dma_bytes` reports ACTUAL mapped bytes — which the
/// full-or-retry install policy keeps equal to the configured bound.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct RxPoolStats {
    pub total: usize,
    pub available: usize,
    pub in_use: usize,
    pub dma_bytes: usize,
    pub pool_empty_allocs: u64,
}

/// Snapshot the shared RX pool, or `None` while no pool is installed
/// (construction not yet attempted, or every attempt so far fell short and
/// rolled back — `pool_init_failures` counts those).
pub fn rx_ingress_pool_stats() -> Option<RxPoolStats> {
    let pool = RX_INGRESS_POOL.get()?;
    // ONE `available` read keeps the (available, in_use) pair coherent
    // (`BufPool::in_use` would re-take the lock and could tear the pair).
    let available = pool.available();
    Some(RxPoolStats {
        total: pool.total(),
        available,
        in_use: pool.total() - available,
        dma_bytes: pool.total() * DMA_PAGE_SIZE,
        pool_empty_allocs: pool.pool_empty_allocs(),
    })
}

/// Get-or-construct the shared RX pool, FULL-OR-RETRY (Codex round-22 R1):
/// a construction attempt that cannot allocate every buffer is dropped whole
/// (its pages free immediately), counted in `pool_init_failures`, and the
/// next poll retries — the 10 ms background throttle is the natural bounded
/// backoff, so no extra retry state exists. Only an exact-size pool is ever
/// installed: sizing, tests, and the starvation bound all reason about ONE
/// capacity, and an empty or partial pool is unrepresentable.
///
/// Caller MUST hold `RX_INGRESS_ACTIVE` — the non-reentrant drain guard
/// doubles as the construction lock, so concurrent double-construction
/// (and a racing double `call_once`) is structurally impossible.
fn ensure_rx_ingress_pool() -> Option<&'static BufPool> {
    if let Some(pool) = RX_INGRESS_POOL.get() {
        return Some(pool);
    }
    // `with_layout` directly, NOT `BufPool::new`: metadata allocation is
    // fallible and `new()` would panic the drain site on heap pressure
    // (round-23 finding 2). None (metadata OOM) and a DMA-page shortfall are
    // the same outcome here: count, drop the candidate, retry next poll.
    let candidate = BufPool::with_layout(
        RX_BUF_POOL_SIZE,
        crate::DEFAULT_MTU,
        crate::DEFAULT_HEADROOM,
        crate::DEFAULT_TAILROOM,
    );
    match candidate {
        Some(candidate) if candidate.total() == RX_BUF_POOL_SIZE => {
            Some(RX_INGRESS_POOL.call_once(|| candidate))
        }
        _ => {
            RX_INGRESS_STATS
                .pool_init_failures
                .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
            None
        }
    }
}

/// D3-NETNS-DATAPLANE RX-INGRESS: `rx_auth` owns the ONLY path to the driver
/// `receive`, mirroring `tx_auth` for the ingress direction: no raw
/// `NetDeviceHandle` egresses the registry except into these two audited
/// resolvers (contract pinned at `rx_device_handles` in lib.rs).
///
/// Granularity is deliberately DIFFERENT from `tx_auth`: TX tokens are
/// single-use because each egress is an authority-bearing act (namespace
/// ownership is checked per mint). An RX capability is poll-scoped — it
/// authorizes bounded frame INGESTION during one drain pass, because ingress
/// attribution is not an authority check on the poller: the frames are
/// namespace-gated INSIDE `process_frame` (per-ns ARP cache / config hooks,
/// fail-closed `NetNsUnavailable`). Re-resolving the registry per frame would
/// buy no isolation and add lock churn (Efficiency).
///
/// v1 ATTRIBUTION CONTRACT: every registered device is attributed to the ROOT
/// namespace (ns 0). No inverse device→owner mapping exists in the tree —
/// `net_ns_owns_device(0, _)` admits root for every device and
/// `sys_move_net_device` is hard-gated ENOSYS — so root is the only owner any
/// device can have today. ARMING `move_device` MUST introduce an inverse
/// ownership lookup (+ generation, so a mid-poll move cannot attribute a frame
/// to a stale owner) and rework `resolve_rx_devices` to carry per-device
/// attribution; this comment is the tripwire.
mod rx_auth {
    use crate::device::RxError;
    use crate::{BufPool, NetBuf, NetDeviceHandle, MAX_NET_DEVICES};

    /// Poll-scoped capability authorizing bounded frame ingestion from one
    /// registered device. Deliberately NOT Clone/Copy and exposes no accessor
    /// returning the raw handle — receive-capable handles can be neither
    /// forged nor duplicated outside this module.
    pub(super) struct AuthorizedRxDevice {
        dev: NetDeviceHandle,
    }

    impl AuthorizedRxDevice {
        /// Pop at most one received frame. Takes ONLY the per-device spin
        /// Mutex, released before the caller touches the frame — never call
        /// back into the stack (process_frame / transmit paths) while this
        /// guard is live: root `network_config()` re-enters the device
        /// registry (lazy MAC autodetect) and reply TX takes the egress
        /// device's own mutex.
        pub(super) fn receive_one(&self) -> Result<Option<NetBuf>, RxError> {
            let mut device = self.dev.lock();
            device.receive()
        }

        /// Service driver completions under the per-device mutex only:
        /// used-ring reaping into the driver's bounded ready queue plus TX
        /// descriptor reclaim, both bounded by the device ring size. Runs
        /// BEFORE the drain so `receive_one` pops freshly reaped frames.
        /// Its TX reclaim is the FIRST production reclaim path — device
        /// tx_packets now advance on background polls; the enq_delta test
        /// invariant is signed exactly so completions may land between
        /// snapshots.
        pub(super) fn service_completions(&self) {
            let mut device = self.dev.lock();
            let _ = device.poll();
        }

        /// Top the device up from the shared pool, in ONE device-lock section
        /// so the owned/recycle reads and the posting are atomic against
        /// every other stocker. The request is
        /// `recycle_pending + (CAP - owned)`: reposting recycle-pending
        /// buffers is OWNERSHIP-NEUTRAL (they merely move recycle -> posted),
        /// so the cap still holds — owned' <= owned + (CAP - owned) = CAP —
        /// while a capped device with a recycle backlog is still ASKED to
        /// repost (round-23 finding 1: without that term it strands its
        /// buffers until zero descriptors remain and RX goes inert). LOCK
        /// ORDER: device mutex -> pool mutex (`replenish_rx` takes pool
        /// locks under the device lock); the reverse order is forbidden
        /// everywhere in the kernel.
        pub(super) fn replenish_to_cap(&self, pool: &BufPool) -> ReplenishOutcome {
            let mut device = self.dev.lock();
            if !device.supports_rx_replenishment() {
                return ReplenishOutcome::Unsupported;
            }
            let owned = device.rx_owned_rx_buffers();
            let repost = device.rx_recycle_pending();
            let requested = repost + super::RX_DEVICE_OUTSTANDING_CAP.saturating_sub(owned);
            if requested == 0 {
                return ReplenishOutcome::Attempted {
                    requested: 0,
                    posted: 0,
                };
            }
            let posted = device.replenish_rx(pool, requested);
            ReplenishOutcome::Attempted { requested, posted }
        }
    }

    /// Outcome of one replenish pass (rounds 23-24: a supporting device's
    /// shortfall must be COUNTED unambiguously — including the otherwise
    /// silent first-stock failure where a descriptor-starved device posts
    /// nothing, draws nothing from the pool, and reads `Ok(None)` on
    /// receive. The explicit capability replaces the behavioral
    /// participation heuristic, which hid exactly that case).
    pub(super) enum ReplenishOutcome {
        /// Device declared `supports_rx_replenishment() == false` — a
        /// permanently-refusing test synthetic; no shortfall accounting.
        Unsupported,
        /// A supporting device was asked for `requested` postings and
        /// delivered `posted`; `posted < requested` is a counted shortfall.
        Attempted { requested: usize, posted: usize },
    }

    /// Resolve registered devices as poll-scoped RX capabilities from ONE
    /// registry read section (released before any device mutex is taken).
    ///
    /// `filter: None` (production) enumerates ALL devices in registration
    /// order — iterating every device rather than hardcoding "eth0" is what
    /// lets synthetic devices gate the ingress tests, and is required anyway
    /// once multiple devices exist. `filter: Some(names)` NARROWS the
    /// capability set to the named devices, in the CALLER'S name order
    /// (which therefore pins fairness quotas) — the deterministic-test aid
    /// behind `rx_ingress_poll_filtered`; each name match takes one brief
    /// per-device lock with no other lock held. Names should be distinct
    /// (a duplicate would mint two capabilities to the same device and
    /// double its quota); resolution is capped at `MAX_NET_DEVICES`.
    pub(super) fn resolve_rx_devices(
        filter: Option<&[&str]>,
    ) -> ([Option<AuthorizedRxDevice>; MAX_NET_DEVICES], usize) {
        let (handles, count) = crate::rx_device_handles();
        let mut out: [Option<AuthorizedRxDevice>; MAX_NET_DEVICES] =
            [const { None }; MAX_NET_DEVICES];
        let mut resolved = 0;
        match filter {
            None => {
                for handle in handles.into_iter().flatten() {
                    out[resolved] = Some(AuthorizedRxDevice { dev: handle });
                    resolved += 1;
                }
                debug_assert_eq!(resolved, count);
            }
            Some(names) => {
                for name in names {
                    if resolved == MAX_NET_DEVICES {
                        break;
                    }
                    for handle in handles.iter().flatten() {
                        let matches = handle.lock().name() == *name;
                        if matches {
                            out[resolved] = Some(AuthorizedRxDevice {
                                dev: handle.clone(),
                            });
                            resolved += 1;
                            break;
                        }
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        (out, resolved)
    }
}

/// RAII release for the non-reentrant drain guard (covers every early return).
struct RxIngressGuard;

impl Drop for RxIngressGuard {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        RX_INGRESS_ACTIVE.store(false, Ordering::Release);
    }
}

/// D3-NETNS-DATAPLANE RX-INGRESS: bounded, non-reentrant RX drain over every
/// registered device (bring-up path; production RX needs a recurring wake
/// source once device IRQ vectors are wired).
///
/// Per poll: captures the attributed owner context ONCE (v1 = root, see
/// `rx_auth`), then for each device pops frames under the per-device mutex
/// only and processes each frame with NO lock held (`process_frame` re-enters
/// per-ns hooks; root `network_config()` re-enters the device registry; reply
/// TX takes the egress device mutex). Ingress-generated replies egress through
/// `transmit_prepared_reply` — the same namespace-gated, firewall-checked path
/// as every other prepared reply — with failures counted and dropped.
///
/// Captured-context coherence: the config is captured before the first frame
/// and reused for the whole pass. For ns 0 this cannot go stale mid-poll:
/// root addressing is immutable (`set_net_config` rejects level 0 and the
/// global config has no post-boot mutation surface; the one-shot lazy MAC
/// autodetect only fills a zero MAC, and a zero-MAC capture skips the poll
/// fail-closed below), so no frame can be processed under one generation and
/// learned into another generation's ARP cache. Per-namespace attribution
/// (future) must capture config+cache together PER FRAME instead.
///
/// Buffer lifecycle (round-22 R3): every received `NetBuf` takes ONE return
/// path after `process_frame` — `BufPool::try_free` sends pool-origin
/// buffers home (provenance verified against the pool's immutable phys-addr
/// set, so the fixed pool can never drain OR absorb a foreign buffer) and
/// hands foreign buffers (self-stocking synthetic devices) back for a normal
/// drop. Either way the RX buffer is released BEFORE reply TX allocates its
/// own, keeping the loop's peak DMA footprint at one frame. Completion
/// servicing and replenish-to-cap run for EVERY device on EVERY poll —
/// including empty, error, and budget-exhausted exits (round-20 step 4) —
/// so external devices stay stocked: per device, service completions first
/// (used-ring reap + TX reclaim, bounded by ring size), then the fair drain,
/// then top back up to `RX_DEVICE_OUTSTANDING_CAP` from the shared pool
/// (installed full-or-retry by `ensure_rx_ingress_pool`; a pool-less poll
/// still drains self-stocking devices, only stocking is pool-gated).
///
/// Work bound and fairness (round-17): at most `budget` frames total across
/// ALL devices — malformed frames consume budget too (`process_frame` counts
/// and drops them) — plus one empty/error probe per device. Each device's
/// share of the remaining budget is `remaining.div_ceil(devices_left)`: every
/// device still ahead is guaranteed a slot, quota a device leaves unused
/// flows to the devices after it, so a single productive device can use the
/// whole budget but can no longer starve the ones behind it. A `receive()`
/// error moves to the next device (one error per device per poll), so a
/// wedged driver cannot spin the loop. Frames left by an exhausted budget
/// wait for the next pass (`budget_exhausted` counts those polls,
/// conservatively: consuming the entire budget ticks it even if the queues
/// happen to be exactly empty).
///
/// Returns the number of frames processed. Concurrent calls bail out with 0
/// (non-reentrant guard); a zero `budget` is a degenerate no-op. A `budget`
/// smaller than the registered device count accepts first-productive-device
/// bias (the fair quantum needs budget >= devices to guarantee every device a
/// slot) — acceptable for explicit test polls; the production background
/// entry enforces `RX_INGRESS_POLL_BUDGET >= MAX_NET_DEVICES` at compile
/// time. This explicit entry deliberately does NOT touch the background
/// throttle's last-poll timestamp: tests drive it with large fake clocks, and
/// advancing the throttle clock to a fake future would stall real-clock
/// background polling for the difference.
pub fn rx_ingress_poll(now_ms: u64, budget: usize) -> usize {
    if budget == 0 {
        return 0;
    }
    if RX_INGRESS_ACTIVE
        .compare_exchange(false, true, Ordering::Acquire, Ordering::Relaxed)
        .is_err()
    {
        return 0;
    }
    let _guard = RxIngressGuard;
    rx_ingress_poll_locked(now_ms, budget, None)
}

/// Deterministic-test entry (Codex round-21 finding 6): same non-reentrant
/// guard, same start-gate assert, same captured-root-context drain body as
/// [`rx_ingress_poll`], but the drained capability set is NARROWED to the
/// named devices — iteration (and therefore fairness quota) order is the
/// caller's name order. Exact-count assertions are impossible against the
/// full device set once eth0 RX is live: the host side emits unsolicited
/// frames (e.g. SLIRP IPv6 router advertisements) at arbitrary times, so a
/// test that must count frames polls ONLY its own synthetic devices through
/// this entry. Production paths use the unfiltered entries; narrowing grants
/// nothing (a subset of the same poll-scoped capabilities).
pub fn rx_ingress_poll_filtered(now_ms: u64, budget: usize, names: &[&str]) -> usize {
    if budget == 0 || names.is_empty() {
        return 0;
    }
    if RX_INGRESS_ACTIVE
        .compare_exchange(false, true, Ordering::Acquire, Ordering::Relaxed)
        .is_err()
    {
        return 0;
    }
    let _guard = RxIngressGuard;
    rx_ingress_poll_locked(now_ms, budget, Some(names))
}

/// The drain body. Caller MUST hold `RX_INGRESS_ACTIVE` (see the three entry
/// points); everything else about lock discipline is documented on
/// [`rx_ingress_poll`].
fn rx_ingress_poll_locked(now_ms: u64, budget: usize, filter: Option<&[&str]>) -> usize {
    // RX-WIRING CONTRACT start-gate (lib.rs): the per-ns ARP path must never
    // run before kernel_core registers the namespace hooks. Safe to assert
    // unconditionally at the production drain site: the deferred-work ready
    // gate is armed (main.rs) strictly AFTER kernel_core::init registered the
    // hooks, so reaching this poll pre-registration is a boot-order
    // regression worth failing loudly. Descriptor stocking happens strictly
    // after this assert (round-20 contract).
    crate::assert_netns_hooks_for_rx();

    // Captured owner context, v1 attribution = root (see rx_auth). Acquired
    // BEFORE any device mutex: the root arm re-enters the device registry
    // (lazy MAC autodetect). Fail-closed on absence; nothing is dequeued and
    // nothing is stocked on the skip paths (stocking waits for a poll that
    // can also process — see the counter doc).
    // D3 v2 FIX: Install the pool BEFORE zero-MAC check. Pool installation
    // is MAC-independent (just DMA allocation); the zero-MAC check prevents
    // packet PROCESSING, not pool setup. This fixes netns_rx_pool_lifecycle
    // which filters to synthetic devices and expects pool installation even
    // when eth0 MAC autodetect hasn't run yet.
    let pool = ensure_rx_ingress_pool();

    let cfg = match tx_net_config(0) {
        Ok(cfg) => cfg,
        Err(_) => {
            RX_INGRESS_STATS
                .owner_unavailable_skips
                .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
            return 0;
        }
    };
    // Zero-MAC = root autodetect still pending. Processing would filter
    // against (and stamp replies with) an all-zero MAC — skip fail-closed;
    // queued frames are retried once autodetect fills the MAC.
    if cfg.our_mac.0 == [0u8; 6] {
        RX_INGRESS_STATS
            .owner_unavailable_skips
            .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
        return 0;
    }
    let (devices, device_count) = rx_auth::resolve_rx_devices(filter);
    let stats = &RX_INGRESS_NET_STATS;
    let mut remaining = budget;
    let mut processed = 0usize;

    for (index, slot) in devices.iter().enumerate().take(device_count) {
        let Some(dev) = slot.as_ref() else {
            continue;
        };
        // Pre-service completions even when the budget is already spent:
        // completion reaping and the replenish below must reach EVERY device
        // on EVERY poll (round-20 step 4), or a budget-exhausting flood on
        // one device would starve the others' descriptor stocking.
        dev.service_completions();
        // Fair share for this device (see fn doc); devices_left >= 1.
        let mut quota = if remaining == 0 {
            0
        } else {
            remaining.div_ceil(device_count - index)
        };
        loop {
            if quota == 0 {
                break;
            }
            let buf = match dev.receive_one() {
                Ok(Some(buf)) => buf,
                // Err(NoPacket) is the "empty" convention for drivers that
                // signal it as an error; neither is a device fault.
                Ok(None) | Err(RxError::NoPacket) => break,
                Err(_) => {
                    RX_INGRESS_STATS.rx_errors.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
                    break;
                }
            };
            quota -= 1;
            remaining -= 1;
            processed += 1;
            // No lock held across this call (device guard dropped inside
            // receive_one); per-frame namespace gating happens inside.
            let result = process_frame(
                buf.data(),
                cfg.our_mac,
                cfg.our_ip,
                stats,
                NamespaceId::new(0),
                now_ms,
            );
            // Uniform provenance return (round-22 R3): pool buffers go home,
            // foreign buffers drop. Either way the RX DMA buffer is released
            // before reply TX allocates its own.
            match pool {
                Some(pool) => {
                    if let Err(foreign) = pool.try_free(buf) {
                        drop(foreign);
                    }
                }
                None => drop(buf),
            }
            if let ProcessResult::Reply(reply) = result {
                if transmit_prepared_reply(reply, now_ms, stats).is_err() {
                    RX_INGRESS_STATS
                        .reply_tx_failures
                        .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
                }
            }
        }
        // POST-drain replenish, unconditionally — also on empty/error/
        // budget-exhausted device exits (round-20 step 4). Supporting
        // devices' shortfalls are counted (rounds 23-24: including the
        // otherwise-silent first-stock failure).
        if let Some(pool) = pool {
            if let rx_auth::ReplenishOutcome::Attempted { requested, posted } =
                dev.replenish_to_cap(pool)
            {
                if posted < requested {
                    RX_INGRESS_STATS
                        .replenish_shortfalls
                        .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
                }
            }
        }
    }
    // D3 PENDING-FRAME v2: service the ROOT namespace's pending queue every
    // poll — a learn ingested above retransmits its parked frames in this
    // SAME poll; with nothing learned this is the expiry / interval-re-probe
    // sweep, which must run even on frameless polls. Root-only by the same
    // v1 attribution as RX itself: production children own no devices and
    // therefore cannot park (ownership pre-gate); test-owned child caches
    // are drained by their tests through the same pub seam. Lock context:
    // no device/cache/registry lock is held here (per-device guards drop
    // inside the loop above), and the drain takes the cache mutex only in
    // bounded lookup/move-out windows — reply TX inside it resolves its own
    // authority exactly like the Reply arm above.
    //
    // Clock-domain invariant: parking and probe admission use the trusted
    // socket clock. Explicit RX test polls may use a synthetic monotonic ARP
    // clock, so forwarding `now_ms` here could instantly expire real-clock
    // parked frames. Production polls already pass this same trusted clock;
    // the fallback preserves host-test behavior before hook registration.
    let pending_now_ms = crate::socket::socket_wait_hooks_get_ticks().unwrap_or(now_ms);
    drain_parked_ready(0, pending_now_ms);
    if remaining == 0 {
        RX_INGRESS_STATS
            .budget_exhausted
            .fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
    }
    processed
}

/// Throttled background entry for the kernel deferred-work drain site
/// (process context, beside the deferred TCP timer drain). Self-limiting so
/// an unconditional call per reschedule stays bounded: a quiesce depth check
/// and a coarse minimum interval, both re-checked AUTHORITATIVELY inside the
/// non-reentrant guard (round-17). Guard-serializing the throttle decision
/// makes background `now_ms` values strictly increasing into the drain: a
/// caller whose timestamp is stale (<= the last poll that won) fails the
/// inner interval check and skips, so two racing CPUs can never execute
/// polls in reversed timestamp order. The pre-guard checks are only a cheap
/// fast path to avoid CAS churn; the guard-held re-checks decide.
pub fn rx_ingress_poll_throttled(now_ms: u64) -> usize {
    if RX_INGRESS_BG_QUIESCE_DEPTH.load(Ordering::SeqCst) != 0 {
        return 0;
    }
    let last = RX_INGRESS_LAST_POLL_MS.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
    if now_ms.saturating_sub(last) < RX_INGRESS_MIN_INTERVAL_MS {
        return 0;
    }
    if RX_INGRESS_ACTIVE
        .compare_exchange(false, true, Ordering::Acquire, Ordering::Relaxed)
        .is_err()
    {
        return 0;
    }
    let _guard = RxIngressGuard;
    // Authoritative re-checks, serialized by the guard. The depth re-check
    // pairs with the wait-for-idle barrier in quiesce_rx_ingress_background.
    if RX_INGRESS_BG_QUIESCE_DEPTH.load(Ordering::SeqCst) != 0 {
        return 0;
    }
    let last = RX_INGRESS_LAST_POLL_MS.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
    if now_ms.saturating_sub(last) < RX_INGRESS_MIN_INTERVAL_MS {
        return 0;
    }
    RX_INGRESS_LAST_POLL_MS.store(now_ms, Ordering::Relaxed);
    rx_ingress_poll_locked(now_ms, RX_INGRESS_POLL_BUDGET, None)
}

// ============================================================================
// Timer Maintenance
// ============================================================================

/// Handle periodic timer tick for network stack maintenance.
///
/// Invoked from the PROCESS-CONTEXT deferred timer drain (kernel_core
/// `drain_deferred_tcp_timers`, on syscall-return / reschedule), NOT the hard-IRQ
/// timer handler — so it may take the conntrack/fragment locks. Performs cleanup
/// of expired fragment reassembly queues and (R171-G4-1) the conntrack expiry sweep.
///
/// # Arguments
/// * `now_ms` - Current time in milliseconds
///
/// # Returns
/// Number of expired fragment queues + conntrack flows reclaimed
pub fn handle_timer_tick(now_ms: u64) -> usize {
    // R171-G4-1 FIX: run the conntrack expiry sweep here too. `handle_timer_tick`
    // is the already-rate-driven per-tick netns garbage-reclaim entry; previously
    // `conntrack::ct_sweep` had ZERO callers, so expired conntrack flows + dead-ns
    // rows were never proactively reclaimed and per-ns conntrack budgets could
    // self-wedge as the global table filled. Process-context (timer bottom-half),
    // so the conntrack locks are safe here — same context the fragment cleanup
    // already runs in.
    let fragments = cleanup_expired_fragments(now_ms);
    let flows = crate::conntrack::ct_sweep(now_ms);
    fragments + flows
}

// ============================================================================
// Tests
// ============================================================================

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn test_stats_atomic() {
        let stats = NetStats::new();
        stats.inc_rx_packets();
        stats.inc_rx_packets();
        assert_eq!(stats.rx_packets.load(Ordering::Relaxed), 2);
    }

    #[test]
    fn rf180_51_malformed_transport_never_collapses_into_firewall_denial() {
        use crate::firewall::{firewall_remove_ns, firewall_table_for_ns, FirewallRule};

        // RF186-20 FIX: hosted net tests intentionally register no
        // NetNsDeviceHooks. Non-root identities must therefore fail closed at
        // tx_net_config before policy, which made this stale RF180 oracle test
        // LinkDown instead of reaching the firewall. Namespace 0 is the sole
        // legitimate host-harness fallback and its table remains pristine
        // default-deny, so it proves the intended valid-header policy path
        // without weakening child-namespace identity isolation.
        const DIRECT_NS: u64 = 0;
        const REPLY_NS: u64 = 0x7e57_1805_1002;
        let local_ip = Ipv4Addr::new(192, 0, 2, 51);
        let peer_ip = Ipv4Addr::new(192, 0, 2, 52);

        let valid_zero_udp = [
            0xc0, 0x01, // source port 49153
            0x00, 0x09, // destination port 9
            0x00, 0x08, // header-only UDP length
            0x00, 0x00, // IPv4 permits a zero UDP checksum
        ];
        let mut malformed_udp = valid_zero_udp;
        malformed_udp[5] = 0x09; // claims one byte beyond the immutable payload

        // TEST-ISOLATION FIX: reaching policy evaluation requires a resolvable
        // TX device, and hosted net tests register none by default. This oracle
        // silently depended on a SIBLING test
        // (`d1iso_resolver_gates_tx_by_namespace_ownership`) having registered
        // "eth0" first; under default-parallel execution that ordering is not
        // guaranteed, so the valid-datagram transmit below intermittently failed
        // closed at the device gate with `LinkDown` instead of reaching the
        // firewall. Register it here so the test is self-sufficient — the
        // registry rejects duplicate names, so this is a no-op when a parallel
        // test registered eth0 first, and every assert below is invariant to
        // WHICH eth0 instance won.
        let _ = crate::register_device(MockEthDevice);

        // No ns-0 rule reset here on purpose: `firewall_remove_ns(0)` is a
        // documented no-op (the root table is never removable), so a call would
        // read as a reset while doing nothing. ns 0 keeps the pristine
        // default-deny set for the whole process.
        assert_eq!(
            build_frame_and_transmit(Ipv4Proto::Udp, peer_ip, &malformed_udp, DIRECT_NS, None,),
            Err(TxError::InvalidBuffer),
            "malformed UDP must fail before default-deny policy evaluation"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            build_frame_and_transmit(Ipv4Proto::Udp, peer_ip, &valid_zero_udp, DIRECT_NS, None,),
            Err(TxError::FirewallDenied),
            "a structurally valid header-only datagram must reach default-deny"
        );

        firewall_remove_ns(REPLY_NS);
        firewall_table_for_ns(REPLY_NS)
            .replace_rules(alloc::vec![FirewallRule::builder(51)
                .priority(i32::MAX)
                .proto(Ipv4Proto::Udp)
                .action(FirewallAction::Drop)
                .build(),])
            .expect("fixture rules fit MAX_FIREWALL_RULES");

        let make_reply = |udp: &[u8]| {
            let ip = build_ipv4_header(local_ip, peer_ip, Ipv4Proto::Udp, udp.len() as u16, 64);
            let frame = try_build_ethernet_frame_from_parts(
                EthAddr::new(0x02, 0, 0, 0, 0, 52),
                EthAddr::new(0x02, 0, 0, 0, 0, 51),
                ETHERTYPE_IPV4,
                &[&ip, udp],
            )
            .expect("RF180-51 reply fixture admission");
            let mut reply = PreparedReply::new(frame);
            reply.authorize(REPLY_NS, 0);
            reply
        };

        assert_eq!(
            preflight_prepared_reply(&make_reply(&malformed_udp), 0),
            Err(TxError::InvalidBuffer),
            "prepared-reply parsing failure must not be reported as policy denial"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            preflight_prepared_reply(&make_reply(&valid_zero_udp), 0),
            Err(TxError::FirewallDenied),
            "valid prepared reply must retain the explicit firewall verdict"
        );
        firewall_remove_ns(REPLY_NS);
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "conntrack")]
    #[test]
    fn rf180_41_reply_encapsulation_is_allocation_free_and_conntrack_is_deferred() {
        use crate::conntrack::{
            conntrack_table, ct_drain_ns, ct_process_tcp, CtProtoState, FlowKey, TcpCtState,
            IPPROTO_TCP,
        };

        const NS: u64 = 0x7e57_1804_1001;
        let peer_ip = Ipv4Addr::new(192, 0, 2, 10);
        let local_ip = Ipv4Addr::new(192, 0, 2, 20);
        let peer_port = 40_001;
        let local_port = 8080;
        let now_ms = 41_000;

        // RF186-22 FIX: both RF180-41 hosted tests intentionally exercise the
        // process-wide conntrack singleton. Serialize only those test owners so
        // default-parallel execution cannot consume each other's global permit.
        let _conntrack_serial = crate::conntrack::GLOBAL_CONNTRACK_TEST_LOCK.lock();
        ct_drain_ns(NS);
        let seeded = ct_process_tcp(
            NS,
            peer_ip,
            local_ip,
            peer_port,
            local_port,
            TCP_FLAG_SYN,
            0,
            now_ms,
        );
        assert_eq!(seeded.state, CtProtoState::Tcp(TcpCtState::SynSent));

        let syn_ack = build_tcp_segment(
            local_ip,
            peer_ip,
            local_port,
            peer_port,
            1,
            2,
            TCP_FLAG_SYN | TCP_FLAG_ACK,
            4096,
            &[],
        );
        assert!(!syn_ack.is_empty(), "test SYN-ACK allocation must succeed");

        WirePacket::fail_next_admission_for_test();
        let frame = try_prepare_tcp_reply_frame(
            EthAddr::new(0x02, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1),
            EthAddr::new(0x02, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2),
            peer_ip,
            local_ip,
            syn_ack,
        )
        .expect("encapsulation must consume reserved headroom without allocation");
        assert_eq!(
            parse_ethernet(&frame)
                .expect("encapsulated Ethernet frame parses")
                .0
                .ethertype,
            ETHERTYPE_IPV4
        );

        // The injected failure remains pending, proving encapsulation did not
        // issue a second allocator/admission request.
        assert!(WirePacket::try_copy_from_slice(&[0xaa]).is_err());

        let (key, _) =
            FlowKey::from_packet(NS, IPPROTO_TCP, peer_ip, local_ip, peer_port, local_port);
        let before_commit = conntrack_table()
            .lookup(&key)
            .expect("seeded conntrack entry must remain present");
        assert_eq!(
            before_commit.state,
            CtProtoState::Tcp(TcpCtState::SynSent),
            "frame preparation alone must not publish outbound conntrack"
        );
        assert_eq!(
            before_commit.packets_reply, 0,
            "reply accounting is deferred until policy acceptance"
        );

        let mut reply = PreparedReply::new(frame);
        reply.authorize(NS, now_ms);
        let stats = NetStats::new();
        let reply = match complete_prepared_reply_transaction(reply, now_ms + 1, NS, &stats, || {
            Err(TxError::QueueFull)
        }) {
            Err(PreparedReplyTxError::Retryable(TxError::QueueFull, reply)) => reply,
            _ => panic!("QueueFull must return the original prepared owner"),
        };
        let after_reject = conntrack_table()
            .lookup(&key)
            .expect("QueueFull retains the ingress-created flow");
        assert_eq!(after_reject.state, before_commit.state);
        assert_eq!(after_reject.packets_reply, before_commit.packets_reply);

        assert!(
            complete_prepared_reply_transaction(reply, now_ms + 2, NS, &stats, || Ok(())).is_ok()
        );
        let committed = conntrack_table()
            .lookup(&key)
            .expect("committed conntrack entry remains present");
        assert_eq!(committed.state, CtProtoState::Tcp(TcpCtState::SynRecv));
        assert_eq!(committed.packets_reply, 1);

        assert_eq!(ct_drain_ns(NS), 1);
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "conntrack")]
    #[test]
    fn rf192_3_prepared_rst_retries_a_pending_tracked_flow() {
        use crate::conntrack::{
            conntrack_table, ct_drain_ns, CtEgressResult, CtProtoState, FlowKey, L4Meta,
            TcpCtState, IPPROTO_TCP,
        };
        use core::cell::Cell;

        const NS: u64 = 0x7e57_1923_0001;
        let _serial = crate::conntrack::GLOBAL_CONNTRACK_TEST_LOCK.lock();
        let table = conntrack_table();
        let local = Ipv4Addr::new(192, 0, 2, 192);
        let peer = Ipv4Addr::new(192, 0, 2, 193);
        let stats = NetStats::new();
        ct_drain_ns(NS);
        for outer_succeeds in [true, false] {
            let seeded = table.update_on_packet(
                NS,
                IPPROTO_TCP,
                peer,
                local,
                40_192,
                8080,
                &L4Meta::new(TCP_FLAG_SYN, 0),
                1,
            );
            assert_eq!(seeded.state, CtProtoState::Tcp(TcpCtState::SynSent));
            let syn_ack = table.update_on_egress_transaction(
                NS,
                IPPROTO_TCP,
                local,
                peer,
                8080,
                40_192,
                &L4Meta::new(TCP_FLAG_SYN | TCP_FLAG_ACK, 0),
                2,
                || Ok::<(), TxError>(()),
            );
            assert!(matches!(syn_ack, CtEgressResult::Committed(_)));
            assert!(table.commit_tcp_ingress_handshake(NS, peer, local, 40_192, 8080));
            let key = FlowKey::from_packet(NS, IPPROTO_TCP, local, peer, 8080, 40_192).0;
            let rst = build_tcp_segment(
                local,
                peer,
                8080,
                40_192,
                1,
                2,
                TCP_FLAG_RST | TCP_FLAG_ACK,
                0,
                &[],
            );
            let frame = try_prepare_tcp_reply_frame(
                EthAddr::new(0x02, 0, 0, 0, 0, 193),
                EthAddr::new(0x02, 0, 0, 0, 0, 192),
                peer,
                local,
                rst,
            )
            .expect("RST frame");
            let mut reply = PreparedReply::new(frame);
            reply.authorize(NS, 3);
            let rst_queued = Cell::new(false);
            let mut retry = None;
            let outer = table.update_on_egress_transaction(
                NS,
                IPPROTO_TCP,
                local,
                peer,
                8080,
                40_192,
                &L4Meta::new(TCP_FLAG_ACK, 0),
                3,
                || {
                    // A committed-state lookup deliberately hides this flow.
                    assert!(table.lookup(&key).is_none());
                    if let Err(PreparedReplyTxError::Retryable(TxError::InvalidBuffer, owner)) =
                        complete_prepared_reply_transaction(reply, 4, NS, &stats, || {
                            rst_queued.set(true);
                            Ok(())
                        })
                    {
                        retry = Some(owner);
                    }
                    if outer_succeeds {
                        Ok(())
                    } else {
                        Err(TxError::QueueFull)
                    }
                },
            );
            if outer_succeeds {
                assert!(matches!(outer, CtEgressResult::Committed(_)));
            } else {
                assert!(matches!(
                    outer,
                    CtEgressResult::QueueFailed(TxError::QueueFull)
                ));
            }
            assert!(
                !rst_queued.get(),
                "pending tracking must not use stateless RST egress"
            );
            assert_eq!(
                table.lookup(&key).unwrap().state,
                CtProtoState::Tcp(TcpCtState::Established)
            );
            let reply = retry.expect("contention preserves the prepared retry owner");
            assert!(complete_prepared_reply_transaction(reply, 5, NS, &stats, || Ok(())).is_ok());
            assert_eq!(
                table.lookup(&key).unwrap().state,
                CtProtoState::Tcp(TcpCtState::Close)
            );
            assert_eq!(ct_drain_ns(NS), 1);
        }
    }

    #[cfg(feature = "conntrack")]
    #[test]
    fn rf180_41_egress_firewall_drop_does_not_commit_reply_conntrack() {
        use crate::conntrack::{
            conntrack_table, ct_drain_ns, CtProtoState, FlowKey, TcpCtState, IPPROTO_TCP,
        };
        use crate::firewall::{
            firewall_remove_ns, firewall_table_for_ns, FirewallRule, IpCidrMatch,
        };

        const NS: u64 = 0x7e57_1804_1002;
        let peer_ip = Ipv4Addr::new(192, 0, 2, 30);
        let local_ip = Ipv4Addr::new(192, 0, 2, 40);
        let peer_mac = EthAddr::new(0x02, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3);
        let local_mac = EthAddr::new(0x02, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4);
        let peer_port = 40_002;
        let local_port = 8081;

        let _conntrack_serial = crate::conntrack::GLOBAL_CONNTRACK_TEST_LOCK.lock();
        ct_drain_ns(NS);
        firewall_remove_ns(NS);
        let firewall = firewall_table_for_ns(NS);
        firewall
            .replace_rules(alloc::vec![
                FirewallRule::builder(41)
                    .priority(200)
                    .src_ip(IpCidrMatch::host(local_ip))
                    .dst_ip(IpCidrMatch::host(peer_ip))
                    .proto(Ipv4Proto::Tcp)
                    .action(FirewallAction::Drop)
                    .build(),
                FirewallRule::builder(42)
                    .priority(100)
                    .src_ip(IpCidrMatch::host(peer_ip))
                    .dst_ip(IpCidrMatch::host(local_ip))
                    .proto(Ipv4Proto::Tcp)
                    .action(FirewallAction::Accept)
                    .build(),
            ])
            .expect("fixture rules fit MAX_FIREWALL_RULES");

        let syn = build_tcp_segment(
            peer_ip,
            local_ip,
            peer_port,
            local_port,
            1,
            0,
            TCP_FLAG_SYN,
            4096,
            &[],
        );
        let ip = build_ipv4_header(peer_ip, local_ip, Ipv4Proto::Tcp, syn.len() as u16, 64);
        let frame =
            try_build_ethernet_frame_from_parts(local_mac, peer_mac, ETHERTYPE_IPV4, &[&ip, &syn])
                .expect("test ingress frame admission");
        let stats = NetStats::new();
        assert!(matches!(
            process_frame(&frame, local_mac, local_ip, &stats, NamespaceId(NS), 42_000,),
            ProcessResult::Dropped(DropReason::Firewall { .. })
        ));

        let (key, _) =
            FlowKey::from_packet(NS, IPPROTO_TCP, peer_ip, local_ip, peer_port, local_port);
        let entry = conntrack_table()
            .lookup(&key)
            .expect("accepted ingress SYN must remain tracked");
        assert_eq!(entry.state, CtProtoState::Tcp(TcpCtState::SynSent));
        assert_eq!(entry.packets_reply, 0);

        assert_eq!(ct_drain_ns(NS), 1);
        firewall_remove_ns(NS);
    }

    /// D1-ISO-NETNS-DATAPLANE (T1 support): minimal mock so the namespace-gated
    /// resolver can find an "eth0" on the host. The full sink path is
    /// host-infeasible (`alloc_dma_buffer` fails before any driver is reached),
    /// so driver-reach is proven by the `net_ns_tx_isolation` boot test instead.
    struct MockEthDevice;

    impl crate::NetDevice for MockEthDevice {
        fn name(&self) -> &str {
            "eth0"
        }
        fn mac_address(&self) -> crate::MacAddress {
            [0x02, 0xd1, 0x15, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01]
        }
        fn set_mac_address(&mut self, _mac: crate::MacAddress) -> Result<(), crate::NetError> {
            Err(crate::NetError::NotSupported)
        }
        fn capabilities(&self) -> crate::DeviceCaps {
            crate::DeviceCaps::default()
        }
        fn link_status(&self) -> crate::LinkStatus {
            crate::LinkStatus::UP_UNKNOWN
        }
        fn operating_mode(&self) -> crate::OperatingMode {
            crate::OperatingMode::Polling
        }
        fn set_operating_mode(
            &mut self,
            _mode: crate::OperatingMode,
        ) -> Result<(), crate::NetError> {
            Ok(())
        }
        fn enable_interrupts(&mut self) -> Result<(), crate::NetError> {
            Ok(())
        }
        fn disable_interrupts(&mut self) -> Result<(), crate::NetError> {
            Ok(())
        }
        fn transmit(&mut self, _buf: NetBuf) -> Result<(), (TxError, NetBuf)> {
            Ok(())
        }
        fn reclaim_tx(&mut self) -> usize {
            0
        }
        fn tx_queue_space(&self) -> usize {
            64
        }
        fn receive(&mut self) -> Result<Option<NetBuf>, crate::RxError> {
            Ok(None)
        }
        fn replenish_rx(&mut self, _pool: &crate::BufPool, _count: usize) -> usize {
            0
        }
        fn rx_owned_rx_buffers(&self) -> usize {
            0
        }
        fn supports_rx_replenishment(&self) -> bool {
            false
        }
        fn poll(&mut self) -> bool {
            false
        }
        fn handle_interrupt(&mut self) {}
    }

    /// D1-ISO-NETNS-DATAPLANE (T1, resolver-level): the resolver is the sole
    /// token mint and is fail-closed on namespace ownership. On the host no
    /// `NetNsDeviceHooks` is ever registered (registration happens only in
    /// kernel_core::init on the boot path), so the unregistered arm must admit
    /// ONLY ns 0.
    ///
    /// T2 from the original design (a sink recheck-method test) is deliberately
    /// ABSENT: under the mint-time safe-scope there is no runtime re-check to
    /// test, and the single-use / non-Clone properties are compile-time enforced.
    #[test]
    fn d1iso_resolver_gates_tx_by_namespace_ownership() {
        // Make "eth0" resolvable. The registry rejects duplicate names, so if a
        // parallel test already registered one this is a no-op — every assert
        // below is invariant to WHICH eth0 instance is registered.
        let _ = crate::register_device(MockEthDevice);

        // Non-root namespace owning no devices: fail-closed EPERM mapping.
        const CHILD_NS: u64 = 0x7e57_d150_0001;
        assert!(
            matches!(
                resolve_authorized_tx_device(CHILD_NS),
                Err(TxError::FirewallDenied)
            ),
            "unowned non-root ns must be denied at the resolver"
        );

        // Root namespace: admitted by the unregistered-hook arm; a token mints.
        let token = resolve_authorized_tx_device(0)
            .expect("root ns must be admitted by the unregistered-hook arm");
        // Dropping an unconsumed token is safe (authorized-but-unsent).
        drop(token);
    }
}